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Psychology Test 1
PSY Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Refers to our tendency to perceive events as obvious or inevitable after the fact | Hindsight bias |
| As scientists, psychoogists | Are willing to ask questions and to reject claims that cannot be verified by research |
| How can critical thinking help you evaluate claims in the media, even if you're not a scientific expert on the issue? | In evaluating a claim in the media, look for any signs of empirical evidence, preferably from several studies |
| Theory-based predictions are called | Hypothesis |
| Which of the following is NOT one of the descriptive methods psychologists use to observe and describe behavior? | Correlation Research |
| You wish to survey a group of people who truly present the country's adult population. Therefore, you need to ensure that you question a _______ sample of the population | Representative |
| A study finds that the more childbirth training classes women attend, the less pain medication they require during childbirth. This finding can be stated as a _______ (positive/negative) correlation | Negative |
| A ______ provides a visual representation of the direction and the strength of a relationship between two variables | Scatterplot |
| In a _____ correlation, the scores rise and fall together; in a _____ correlation, one score falls as the other rises | Positive, negative |
| What is regression toward the mean, and how can it influence our interpretation or events? | Regression toward the mean is a statistical phenomenon describing the tendency of extreme scores or outcomes to return to normal after an unusual event |
| Knowing that two events are correlated provides | A basis for prediction |
| To explain behaviors and clarify cause and effect, psychologists use | Experiments |
| To test the effect of a new drug on depression, we randomly assign people to control and experimental group. Those in the control group take a pill that contains no medication. This is a | Placebo |
| In a double-blind procedure, | Neither the participants nor the researchers know who is in the experimental or control group |
| A researcher wants to determine whether noise level affects workers' blood pressure. In one group, she varies the level of noise in the environment and records participants' blood pressure. In this experiment, the level of noise is the | Independent variable |
| The laboratory environment is designed to | Re-create psychological forces under controlled conditions |
| In defending their experimental research with animals, psychologists have noted that | All of these statements are correct |
| Which of the three measures of central tendency is most easily distorted by a few very large or very small scores? | The mean |
| The standard deviation is the most useful measure of variation in a set of data because it tells us | How much individual scores differ from the mean |
| Another name for a bell-shaped distribution, in which most scores fall near the middle and fewer scores fall at each extreme, is a | Normal curve |
| When sample averages, are _______ and the difference between them is _____, we can say the difference has statistical significance | Reliable; large |
| Nature works on | What nature endows |
| Pschology is | The scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
| Psycologists use the _____ ______ to construct theories that organize summarize and simplify observations | Scientific method |
| Plato | He believes in the philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate and inborn (nativism/nature) |
| Aristotle | He believes in philosophical empiricism which states that knowledge is gained through experience |
| Wilhelm Wundt | He believes in the idea of structuralism. Structuralism is when you analyze the brain by breaking it down to its main components |
| William James | He believes in the idea of functionalism. Functionalism is when you see how someone functions or adapts to new aspects in their environment |
| John Watson | He believed that psychology and the mind was not able to be studied through scientific inquiry. Instead, he was a behaviorist who focused more so the actions of humans to explain their train of thought |
| B.F. Skinner | He was another behaviorist that believed in Pavlov's experiments and Watson's theories. He studied how behavior was learned according to circumstance |
| Sigmund Freud | He came up with psychoanalytic theory which is very much so used today. Psychoanalysis is the study of unconscious mind and how it affects a person's thoughts, feelings, and emotions |
| Behaviorism | An approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study objectively observable behavior |
| Cognitive Psychology | The scientific study of mental processes including perception, thought, memory, and experience |
| Cultural Psychology | Study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members |
| Critical Thinking is | Thinking smarter, it does not accept arguments or conclusions |
| Dependent variable | A variable whose value depends on another variable |
| Independent variable | A variable who is manipulated for an experiment, but does not depend on another |
| Intuition is | An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning |
| Validity | The goodness with which a concrete event defines a property |
| Social Psychology | A subfield of psychology that studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal studies |
| Correlation | Two variables that are said to be correlated when variation of one variable is synchronized with the variation in the value of another |
| Case study | A method of gathering scientific knowledge through studying an individual |
| Scientific Method | Identify the problem, Design the study, Conduct the study, Analyze the data, Communicate the results |
| Theory | Explanation integrating principles, organizes and predicting behavior |
| Survey | Technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes, opinions or behaviors of people by questioning a representative, random sample of people |
| Random Sampling | Each member has an equal chance of being included in a random sample (unbiased) |
| Research observations | Research requires administer test of self-esteem and depression |
| Naturalistic Observation | Observing and recording the behavior of animals in the wild and recording self-seating patterns |
| Positive Correlation | Two variables that move in the same direction going up or down |
| Negative Correlation | High on one thing and low on another |
| What is the third variable problem (confounding variable)? | It is the chance that two variable are only related because of each are causally related to a third one. |
| What is a double blind experiment? | In order to avoid observer bias, scientists use a double blind to ensure that the observer and the person being observed are unaware of the experiment |
| Random assignment | Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by random assignment, minimizing pre-existing differences between two groups |
| External Validity | Extent to which results generalize beyond the study |
| Internal Validity | Extent to which the experimental effect is due to independent variable |
| Correlation Coefficient | Strength and direction of relationship |
| Debriefing | A verbal description of a study describing its nature and purpose if the participant is deceived |
| Informed consent | Participants may not take part in a psychological study without a written agreement to participate in a study by an adult who has been informed of all risks of participation |
Created by:
Toya09