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physio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are second messengers? | are hormones secreted by cells in response to stimulation by another hormone. |
| What is the Golgi complex? | is an organelle that participates in posttranslational processing of proteins. |
| What is endocytosis? | refers to the invagination of the plasma membrane to uptake extracellular contents into the cell. |
| What are G-protein coupled receptors? | are plasma membrane proteins that couple the extracellular binding of primary signaling molecules to the activation of heterotrimeric G proteins. |
| Gap junctions are intracellular connections that do what? | serve as a regulated cytoplasmic bridge for sharing of small molecules between cells. |
| In normal human blood, where is the iron? | iron is mostly in hemoglobin |
| What are lymphocytes? | part of the body’s defense against cancer. |
| The ability of the blood to phagocytose pathogens and mount a respiratory burst is increased by? | G-CSF |
| Cells responsible for innate immunity are activated most commonly by? | carbohydrate sequences in bacterial cell walls |
| The distance from between one stimulating electrode to recording electrode is 4.5 cm. When the axon is stimulated, the latent period is 1.5 ms. What is the conduction velocity of the axon? | 30 m/s |
| Which of the following has the slowest conduction velocity? | c fibers |
| A man falls into a deep sleep with one arm under his head. This arm is paralyzed when he awakens, but it tingles, and pain sensation in it is still intact. Reason for loss of motor function without loss of pain sensation is that in the nerves to his arm? | A fibers are more sensitive to pressure than C fibers. |
| Which part of a neuron has the highest concentration of Na+ channels per square millimeter of cell membrane? | initial segment |
| The action potential of skeletal muscle spreads how? | spreads inward to all parts of the muscle via the T tubules. |
| The function of tropomyosin in skeletal muscle includes what? | acting as a “relaxing protein” at rest by covering up the sites where myosin binds to actin. |
| The cross-bridges of the sarcomere in skeletal muscle are made up of what? | myosin |
| What does the contractile response in skeletal muscle do? | produces more tension when the muscle contracts isometrically than when the muscle contracts isotonically. |
| What are the characteristics of gap junctions? | are present and provide the pathway for rapid spread of excitation from one cardiac muscle fiber to another. |
| Fast inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) interact how? | interact with other fast and slow potentials to move the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron toward or away from the firing level. |
| Fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) can be produced how? | increase in Na+ conductance. |
| Initiation of an action potential in skeletal muscle by stimulating its motor nerve? | requires the release of ACh |
| A 35-yo F c/o ms weakness in the EOM and extremities. She says she feels fine in the morning, but gets weak when active. The weakness is improved by rest. Sensation normal. The doc treats her with an AChE inhibitor, and she notes improvement. Dx? | myasthenia gravis |
| What is an example of a ligand-gated ion channel? | GABA A receptor |
| Activation of which of the following receptors would be expected to decrease anxiety? | GABA A receptor |
| Which of the following receptors is coupled to a heterotrimeric G protein? | GABA B receptor |
| Which of the following would not be expected to enhance noradrenergic transmission? | Drug that increases arginine into the entry of neurons |
| Pacinian corpuscles are what? | rapidly adapting touch receptors. |
| Adaptation to a sensory stimulus has what effect? | a diminished sensation when a given stimulus is applied repeatedly over time. |
| Sensory systems code for the following attributes of a stimulus: | modality, location, intensity, and duration |
| In which of the following is the frequency of stimulation not linearly related to the strength of the sensation felt? | cutaneous receptors |
| Which of the following receptors and sense organs are incorrectly paired? | hair cells: olfactory epithelium |
| What is the law of specific nerve energies? | The sensation evoked by impulses generated in a receptor depends in part on the specific part of the brain they ultimately activate. |
| Which of the following does not contain cation channels that are activated by mechanical distortion, producing depolarization? | olfactory receptors |
| The inverse stretch reflex is what? | is a disynaptic reflex with a single interneuron inserted between the afferent and efferent limbs. |
| When γ-motor neuron discharge increases at the same time as α-motor neuron discharge to muscle, | the number of impulses in spindle Ia afferents is greater than when α discharge alone is increased. |
| The distance by which two touch stimuli must be separated to be perceived as two separate stimuli is greatest on the | back of the scapula |
| Visceral pain is what? | is poorly localized. |
| Nociceptors are activated how? | are activated by strong pressure, severe cold, severe heat, and chemicals. |
| Where are thermoreceptors? | are on dendritic endings of A δ fibers and C fibers. |
| A ventrolateral cordotomy is performed that produces relief of pain in the right leg. It is effective because it interrupts the? | left lateral spinothalamic tract |
| Do cholinergic antagonists exert an analgesic effect? | no |
| A 40-year-old man loses his right hand in a farm accident. Four years later, he has episodes of severe pain in the missing hand (phantom limb pain). A detailed PET scan study of his cerebral cortex might be expected to show ? | projection of fibers from neighboring sensory areas into the right-hand area of his left SI. |
| A 50-year-old woman undergoes a neurological exam that indicates loss of pain and temperature sensitivity, vibratory sense, and proprioception in both legs. These symptoms could be explained by | a large tumor affecting the posterior paracentral gyri. |
| A visual exam in an 80-year-old man shows he has a reduced ability to see objects in the upper and lower quadrants of the left visual fields of both eyes but some vision remains in the central regions of the visual field. Dx? | homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing. |
| Visual accomodation involves what? | contraction of the ciliary muscle. |
| The fovea of the eye is what? | is the region of highest visual acuity. |
| Which of the following parts of the eye has the greatest concentration of rods? | parafoveal region |
| The correct sequence of events involved in phototransduction in rods and cones in response to light is: | structural changes in rhodopsin, activation of transducin, decrease in intracellular cGMP, closure of Na+ channels, and decreased release of glutamate. |
| Vitamin A is a precursor for the synthesis of? | retinene 1 |
| Abnormal color vision is 20 times more common in men than women because most cases are caused by an abnormal | recessive gene on the X chromosome |
| A Weber test localized to the right ear. A Schwabach test showed that bone conduction was below normal. A Rinne test showed that both air and bone conduction were abnormal, but air conduction lasted longer than bone conduction. Dx? | sensorineural deafness in left ear |
| Weber test showed that sound from a vibrating tuning fork was louder than normal; Schwabach test showed that bone conduction was better than normal; and Rinne test showed that air conduction did not outlast bone conduction. Dx? | conduction deafness in both ears |
| Postrotatory nystagmus is caused by continued movement of? | endolymph in the semicircular canals, with consequent bending of the cupula and stimulation of hair cells |
| Some diseases damage the hair cells in the ear. When the damage to the outer hair cells is greater than the damage to the inner hair cells? | affected hair cells to shorten when exposed to sound |
| The direction of nystagmus is vertical when a subject is rotated | with the head tipped sideways |
| In the utricle, tip links in hair cells are involved in | regulation of distortion activated ion channels |
| A patient enters the hospital for evaluation of deafness. He is found to also have an elevated plasma renin, although his blood pressure is 118/75 mm Hg. Mutation of what single gene may explain these findings? | the gene for barttin |
| Odorant cells are located where? | located on neurons in the olfactory epithelium that project to mitral cells and from there directly to the olfactory cortex. |
| Taste receptors are a type of what? | are a type of chemoreceptor. |
| As a result of an automobile accident, a 10-year-old boy suffered damage to the brain including the periamygdaloid, piriform, and entorhinal cortices. Which of the following sensory deficits is he most likely to experience? | taste and odor abnormalities |
| Olfactory transmission is what? | Conscious discrimination of odors is dependent on the pathway to the orbitofrontal cortex. |
| A 20-year-old woman was diagnosed with Bell palsy (damage to facial nerve). Which of the following symptoms is she likely to exhibit? | loss of sense of taste, facial twitching, droopy eyelid, ipsilateral facial paralysis |
| In a healthy, alert adult sitting with the eyes closed, the dominant EEG rhythm observed with electrodes over the occipital lobes is | alpha (8-13 Hz) |
| Which of the following pattern of changes in central neurotransmitters/neuromodulators are associated with the transition from NREM to wakefulness? | increase in norepinephrine, increase in epinephrine, decrease in acetylcholine, increase in histamine, and decrease in GABA |
| What is a gamma rhythm (30-80 Hz)? | may be a mechanism to bind together sensory information into a single percept and action. |
| Absence seizures are what? | are a form of nonconvulsive generalized seizures accompanied by momentary loss of consciousness. |
| Narcolepsy is triggered by abnormalities in the? | hypothalamus |
| A primary function of the basal ganglia is? | planning voluntary movement |
| The therapeutic effect of L-dopa in patients with Parkinson disease eventually wears off because? | the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra continue to degenerate. |
| Increased neural activity before a skilled voluntary movement is first seen in the? | cortical association areas |
| After falling down a flight of stairs, a young woman is found to have partial loss of voluntary movement on the right side of her body and loss of pain and temperature sensation on the left side below the midthoracic region. Where is lesion? | transecting the right half of the spinal cord in the upper thoracic region. |
| Patients with transected spinal cords frequently have a negative nitrogen balance because? | they are paralyzed below the level of the transection |
| What does sympathetic nerve activity do? | causes contraction of some smooth muscles and relaxation of others. |
| What does parasympathetic nerve activity do? | contracts smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal wall and relaxes the gastrointestinal sphincter |
| Vasculature of some skeletal muscles has what type of receptors? | muscarinic cholinergic receptors |
| Thirst is stimulated by what? | an increase in plasma osmolality and a decrease in plasma volume |
| When an individual is naked in a room in which the air temperature is 21 °C (69.8 °F) and the humidity 80%, the greatest amount of heat is lost from the body by | radiation and conduction |
| Receptors associated with activation of Gs? | V2 vasopressin receptors |
| Vasoconstriction is associated with what receptor? | V1a vasopressin receptors |
| Increase in intracellular inositol triphosphate is associated with what receptor? | V1a vasopressin receptors |
| Movement of aquaporin is associated with what receptor? | V2 vasopressin receptors |
| What is the representational hemisphere? | is the right cerebral hemisphere in most right-handed individuals. |
| The optic chiasm and corpus callosum are sectioned in a dog, and with the right eye covered, the animal is trained to bark when it sees a red square. The right eye is then uncovered and the left eye covered. The animal will now | respond promptly to the red square in spite of the lack of input to the left occipital cortex |
| The effects of bilateral loss of hippocampal function include | loss of the ability to encode events of the recent past in longterm memory. |
| Lesion of the parietal lobe of the representational hemisphere will produce? | unilateral inattention and neglect |
| Loss of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert and related areas of the forebrain will produce what? | loss of recent memory |
| Lesions of mamillary bodies will produce what? | loss of recent memory |
| Lesion of Broca’s area in the categorical hemisphere will produce what? | slow speech |
| The representation hemisphere is better than the categorical hemisphere at? | recognition of objects by their form |
| A lesion of Wernicke’s area (the posterior end of the superior temporal gyrus) in the categorical hemisphere causes patients to? | talk rapidly but make little sense |
| Which of the following is most likely not to be involved in production of LTP? | membrane hyperpolarization |
| In which of the following conditions is it most likely that the TSH response to TRH will be reduced? | hyperthyroidism due to circulating antithyroid antibodies with TSH activity |
| A young woman has puffy skin and a hoarse voice. Her plasma TSH concentration is low but increases markedly when she is given TRH. She probably has | hypothyroidism due to a primary abnormality in the hypothalamus. |
| The enzyme primarily responsible for the conversion of T4 to T3 in the periphery is? | D1 thyroid deiodinase |
| The metabolic rate is least affected by an increase in the plasma level of | TBG |
| Which of the following is not essential for normal biosynthesis of thyroid hormones? | ferritin |
| Which of the following would be least affected by injections of TSH? | cGMP in thyroid cells |
| Hypothyroidism due to disease of the thyroid gland is associated with increased plasma levels of | cholesterol |
| Thyroid hormone receptors bind to DNA in which of the following forms? | a heterodimer with the retinoid X receptor |
| Increasing intracellular I– due to the action of NIS is an example of | secondary active transport |
| pancreatic exocrine cells : | chymotrypsinogen |
| Epinephrine on the muscle? | increased glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle |
| What does insulin do? | increased protein synthesis |
| What does glucagon do? | increased gluconeogenesis |
| What does growth hormone do to plasma glucose? | increased plasma glucose level |
| Which of the following would be least likely to be seen 14 days after a rat is injected with a drug that kills all of its pancreatic B cells? | A fall in plasma amino acid concentration |
| When the plasma glucose concentration falls to low levels, a number of different hormones help combat the hypoglycemia. After intravenous administration of a large dose of insulin, the return of a low blood sugar level to normal is delayed in | combined adrenal medullary insufficiency and glucagon deficiency. |
| Insulin increases the entry of glucose into | skeletal muscle |
| Glucagon increases glycogenolysis in liver cells but ACTH does not because | the membranes of liver cells contain receptors different from those in adrenocortical cells. |
| A meal rich in proteins containing the amino acids that stimulate insulin secretion but low in carbohydrates does not cause hypoglycemia because | glucagon secretion is also stimulated by the meal. |
| Which of the following is produced only by large amounts of glucocorticoids? | inhibition of inflammatory response |
| Which of the following hormones has the shortest plasma halflife? | norepinephrine |
| Mole for mole, which of the following has the greatest effect on Na+ excretion? | aldosterone |
| Mole for mole, which of the following has the greatest effect on plasma osmolality? | vasopressin |
| The secretion of which of the following would be least affected by a decrease in extracellular fluid volume? | estrogens |
| A young man presents with a BP of 175/110 mm Hg. He is found to have a high circulating aldosterone but a low circulating cortisol. Glucocorticoid tx lowers his circulating aldosterone and lowers his BP to 140/85 mm Hg. He probably has an abnormal | aldosterone synthase |
| A 32-year-old woman presents with a blood pressure of 155/96 mm Hg. In response to questioning, she admits that she loves licorice and eats some at least three times a week. She probably has a low level of | type 2 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity |
| In its action in cells, aldosterone does what? | increases transport of ENaCs from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane. |
| A patient with parathyroid deficiency 10 days after inadvertent damage to the parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery would probably have | a low plasma Ca2+ level, increased muscular excitability, and a characteristic spasm of the muscles of the upper extremity (Trousseau sign). |
| A high plasma Ca2+ level causes | increased formation of 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol |
| What is involved in regulating plasma Ca2+ levels? | kidney, skin, liver, intestines |
| 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol affects intestinal Ca2+ absorption through a mechanism that | includes alterations in the activity of genes |
| Which of the following would you expect to find in a patient whose diet has been low in calcium for 2 mo? | increased parathyroid hormone secretion |
| In osteopetrosis, which of the following is defective? | osteoclasts |
| At epiphyseal closure what happens? | ephyses unite with the shaft to end normal linear bone growth. |
| Which of the following hormones exerts the least effect on growth? | vasopressin |
| Which of the following pituitary hormones is an opioid peptide? | B-endorphin |
| What are characteristics of hypopituitarism? | infertility, pallor, low basal metabolic rate, intolerance to stress |
| A scientist finds that infusion of GH into the median eminence of the hypothalamus in experimental animals inhibits the secretion of GH and concludes that this proves that GH feeds back to inhibit GHRH secretion. Do you accept this conclusion? | No, because substances placed in the median eminence could be transported to the anterior pituitary |
| What does the GH receptor require? | dimerization to exert its effects. |
| If a young woman has high plasma levels of T3, cortisol, and renin activity but her blood pressure is only slightly elevated and she has no symptoms or signs of thyrotoxicosis or Cushing syndrome, the most likely explanation is that | she is in the third trimester of pregnancy. |
| Full development and function of the seminiferous tubules require | androgens and FSH |
| In humans, fertilization usually occurs in the | uterine tubes |
| In human males, testosterone is produced mainly by the | leydig cells |
| Home-use kits for determining a woman’s fertile period depend on the detection of one hormone in the urine. This hormone is | LH |
| Examples of steroid? | 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, estrone, pregnenolone, etiocholanolone |
| Which of the following probably triggers the onset of labor? | ACTH in the fetus |
| Water is absorbed in the jejunum, ileum, and colon and excreted in the feces. Arrange these in order of the amount of water absorbed or excreted from greatest to smallest. | jejunum, ileum, colon, feces |
| Drugs and toxins that increase the cAMP content of the intestinal mucosa cause diarrhea because they | increase Cl– secretion into the intestinal lumen. |
| A patient with a tumor secreting abnormal amounts of gastrin (gastrinoma) would be most likely to exhibit which of the following? | duodenal ulceration |
| Which of the following has the highest pH: gastric juice, pancreatic juice or hepatic bile? | pancreatic juice |
| Which of the following would not be produced by total pancreatectomy? A) vitamin E deficiency B) hyperglycemia C) metabolic acidosis D) weight gain E) decreased absorption of amino acids | D) weight gain |
| Maximum absorption of short-chain fatty acids produced by bacteria occurs in the A) stomach. B) duodenum. C) jejunum. D) ileum. E) colon. | E) colon. |
| Calcium absorption is increased by A) hypercalcemia. B) oxalates in the diet. C) iron overload. D) 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. E) increased Na+ absorption. | D) 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. |
| A decrease in which of the following would be expected in a child exhibiting a congenital absence of enterokinase? A) incidence of pancreatitis B) glucose absorption C) bile acid reabsorption D) gastric pH E) protein assimilation | E) protein assimilation |
| In Hartnup disease (a defect in the transport of neutral amino acids), patients do not become deficient in these amino acids due to the activity of | PepT1. |
| A newborn baby is brought to the pediatrician suffering from severe diarrhea that worsens with meals. The symptoms diminish when nutrients are delivered intravenously. The child most likely has a mutation in which of the following intestinal transporters? | SGLT1 |
| In infants, defecation often follows a meal. The cause of colonic contractions in this situation is | the gastrocolic reflex. |
| The symptoms of the dumping syndrome (discomfort after meals in patients with intestinal short circuits such as anastomosis of the jejunum to the stomach) are caused in part by | hypoglycemia |
| Gastric pressures seldom rise above the levels that breach the lower esophageal sphincter, even when the stomach is filled with a meal, due to which of the following processes? | receptive relaxation |
| The migrating motor complex is triggered by which of the following? | motilin |
| A patient with achalasia would be expected to exhibit a decrease in what? | expression of neuronal NO synthase at the esophageal/ gastric junction |
| Removal of the entire colon would be expected to cause | decreased urinary urobilinogen |
| After complete hepatectomy, a rise would be expected in the blood level of | estrogens |
| Which of the following cell types protects against sepsis secondary to translocation of intestinal bacteria? | Kupffer cell |
| P450s (CYPs) are found in many parts of the body. In which of the following do they not play an important role? A) bile acid formation B) carcinogenesis C) steroid hormone formation D) detoxification of drugs E) glycogen synthesis | E) glycogen synthesis |
| Which part of the ECG corresponds to ventricular repolarization? | the QRS duration |
| Which of the following normally has a slowly depolarizing “prepotential”? | sinoatrial node |
| In second-degree heart block | the ventricular rate is lower than the atrial rate |
| Currents caused by opening of which of the following channels contribute to the repolarization phase of the action potential of ventricular muscle fibers? | K+ channels |
| In complete heart block, what may occur? | fainting may occur because of prolonged periods during which the ventricles fail to contract. |
| The second heart sound is caused by? | closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves. |
| The fourth heart sound is caused by? | ventricular filling. |
| The dicrotic notch on the aortic pressure curve is caused by | closure of the aortic valve. |
| During exercise, a man consumes 1.8 L of oxygen per minute. His arterial O2 content is 190 mL/L, and the O2 content of his mixed venous blood is 134 mL/L. His cardiac output is approximately | 32 L/min. |
| The work performed by the left ventricle is substantially greater than that performed by the right ventricle, because in the left ventricle | the afterload is greater |
| Starling's law of the heart | explains the increase in cardiac output that occurs when venous return is increased. |
| Which of the following has the highest total cross-sectional area in the body? A) arteries B) arterioles C) capillaries D) venules E) veins | C) capillaries |
| Lymph flow from the foot is? | increased by massaging the foot |
| P in a capillary in skeletal ms is 35 at arteriolar end, 14 at venular end. Interstitial P is 0 mm Hg. Colloid osmotic P is 25 mm Hg in capillary and 1 mm Hg in interstitium. Net force producing fluid mvmt across capillary wall at arteriolar end is | 11 mm Hg out of the capillary. |
| The velocity of blood flow is? | is higher in the veins than in the venules. |
| When the radius of the resistance vessels is increased, which of the following is increased? | capillary blood flow |
| When the viscosity of the blood is increased, which of the following is increased? | mean blood pressure |
| A pharmacologist discovers a drug that stimulates the production of VEGF receptors. He is excited because his drug might be of value in the treatment of | coronary artery disease |
| When a pheochromocytoma (tumor of the adrenal medulla) suddenly discharges a large amount of epinephrine into the circulation, the patient’s heart rate would be expected to | increase, because epinephrine has a direct chronotropic effect on the heart. |
| Activation of the baroreceptor reflex? | is primarily involved in short-term regulation of systemic blood pressure. |
| Sympathetic nerve activity would be expected to increase A) if glutamate receptors were blocked in the NTS. B) if GABA receptors were blocked in the RVLM. C) if there was a compression of the RVLM. D) during hypoxia. E) for all of the above. | E) for all of the above |
| Blood in which of the following vessels normally has the lowest PO2? | umbilical artery |
| The pressure differential between the heart and the aorta is least in the | left ventricle during systole |
| Injection of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) would probably be most beneficial | during the second hour after occlusion of a coronary artery. |
| Which of the following organs has the greatest blood flow per 100 g of tissue? A) brain B) heart muscle C) skin D) liver E) kidneys | E) kidneys |
| Which of the following does not dilate arterioles in the skin? A) increased body temperature B) epinephrine C) bradykinin D) substance P E) vasopressin | E) vasopressin |
| A baby boy is brought to the hospital because of convulsions. Workup: body temperature and plasma glucose are found to be normal, but his cerebrospinal fluid glucose is 12 mg/dL (normal, 65 mg/dL). A possible explanation of his condition is | GLUT 1 55K deficiency in cerebral capillaries |
| On the summit of Mt. Everest, where the barometric pressure is about 250 mm Hg, the partial pressure of O2 is about | 50 mmHg |
| The forced vital capacity is | the largest amount of air expired after maximal expiratory effort. |
| The tidal volume is | the amount of air that normally moves into (or out of) the lung with each respiration. |
| Which of the following is responsible for the movement of O2 from the alveoli into the blood in the pulmonary capillaries? | passive diffusion |
| Which of the following causes relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle? | vasoactive intestinal polypeptide |
| Airway resistance is what in asthma? | increased in asthma |
| Surfactant lining the alveoli does what? | helps prevent alveolar collapse |
| Most of the CO2 transported in the blood is | in HCO3- |
| Which of the following has the greatest effect on the ability of blood to transport oxygen? | amount of hemoglobin in the blood |
| Which of the following is not true of the system? CO2 + H2O ← →1 H2CO3 ← →2 H+ + HCO3– A) Reaction 1 is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase. B) Because of reaction 2, the pH of blood declines during breath holding. C) Reaction 1 occurs primarily in plasma | C) Reaction 1 occurs primarily in plasma |
| Uncompensated respiratory acidosis differs from uncompensated metabolic acidosis in that | uncompensated respiratory acidosis is associated with a change in PCO2, whereas uncompensated metabolic acidosis occurs along the isobar line for PCO2. |
| O2 delivery to the tissues would be reduced to the greatest extent in | a patient with carbon monoxide poisoning |
| The main respiratory control neurons | send out regular bursts of impulses to inspiratory muscles during quiet respiration. |
| Intravenous lactic acid increases ventilation. The receptors responsible for this effect are located in the | carotid bodies |
| Spontaneous respiration ceases after | transection of the brain stem at the caudal end of the medulla. |
| The following physiologic events that occur in vivo are listed in random order: (1) decreased CSF pH; (2) increased arterial PCO2; (3) increased CSF PCO2; (4) stimulation of medullary chemoreceptors; (5) increased alveolar PCO2. Order? | 5, 2, 3, 1, 4 |
| Carotid bodies exposed to hypoxia: (1) depol of type I glomus cells; (2) excitation of afferent nerve endings; (3) reduced conductance of hypoxia-sensitive K+ channels in type I glomus cells; (4) Ca2+ entry into type I glomus cells; (5) dec K+ efflux. | 3, 5, 1, 4, 2 |
| Stimulation of the central (proximal) end of a cut vagus nerve would be expected to | cause apnea |
| Injection of a drug that stimulates the carotid bodies would be expected to cause | a decrease in the PCO2 of arterial blood. |
| Variations in which of the following components of blood or CSF do not affect respiration? A) arterial HCO3– concentration B) arterial H+ concentration C) arterial Na+ concentration D) CSF CO2 concentration E) CSF H+ concentration | C) arterial Na+ concentration |
| In the presence of vasopressin, the greatest fraction of filtered water is absorbed in the | proximal tubule |
| In the absence of vasopressin, the greatest fraction of filtered water is absorbed in the | proximal tubule |
| If the clearance of a substance which is freely filtered is less than that of inulin? | there is net reabsorption of the substance in the tubules. |
| Glucose reabsorption occurs in the | proximal tubule |
| On which of the following does aldosterone exert its greatest effect? A) glomerulus B) proximal tubule C) thin portion of the loop of Henle D) thick portion of the loop of Henle E) cortical collecting duct | E) cortical collecting duct |
| What is the clearance of a substance when its concentration in the plasma is 10 mg/dL, its concentration in the urine is 100 mg/ dL, and urine flow is 2 mL/min? | 20 mL/min |
| As urine flow increases during osmotic diuresis | the osmolality of urine approaches that of plasma because an increasingly large fraction of the excreted urine is isotonic proximal tubular fluid. |
| Dehydration increases the plasma concentration of all the following hormones except A) vasopressin. B) angiotensin II. C) aldosterone. D) norepinephrine. E) atrial natriuretic peptide. | E) atrial natriuretic peptide. |
| In a patient who has become dehydrated, body water should be replaced by intravenous infusion of | 5% glucose solution. |
| Renin is secreted by | juxtaglomerular cells. |
| Erythropoietin is secreted by | cells in the peritubular capillary bed. |
| When a woman who has been on a low-sodium diet for 8 d is given an intravenous injection of captopril, a drug that inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme, one would expect | her blood pressure to fall because her peripheral resistance would fall. |
| What increases renin secretion? | administration of a drug that blocks angiotensin-converting enzyme B) administration of a drug that blocks AT1 receptors C) constriction of the aorta between the celiac artery and the renal arteries D) administration of a drug that reduces ECF volume |
| Least contributing beneficial effects of ACEI in tx CHF: A) vasodilation B) decreased cardiac growth C) decreased cardiac afterload D) increased plasma renin activity E) decreased plasma aldosterone | D) increased plasma renin activity |
| Which of the following is the principal buffer in interstitial fluid? A) hemoglobin B) other proteins C) carbonic acid D) H2PO4 E) compounds containing histidine | C) carbonic acid |
| Increasing alveolar ventilation increases the blood pH because | it decreases the PCO2 in the alveoli. |
| In uncompensated metabolic alkalosis | the plasma pH and the plasma HCO3– concentration are high and the arterial PCO2 is normal. |
| In a patient with a plasma pH of 7.10, the [HCO3–]/[H2CO3] ratio in plasma is | 10 |
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