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Section 7
Displaying & Interpreting Behavioral Data
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Data | **Medium with which the behavior analyst works **Results of measurement **Empirical basis for decision making |
| Graphs | **Visual format for displaying data **Reveals relations among & between a series of measurement & relevant variables **Helps people make sense of qualitative information **How behavior analysts organize, store, interpret & communicate the results of their work. |
| 3 Purposes of Graphs | **CAID **C = Communicate about data **A= Assess; helps us o assess data correctly **I/D= IV/DV: shows how the DV & IV are related to another |
| 5 Benefits of Graphs | 1. Provides immediate picture of an individual's behavior 2. Can explore interesting variations in behavior as they are occurring 3. Judgemental aid to help interpret the results of a study or treatment 4. Conservative method for determining sig. of bx change 5. Allows for independent judgement & evaluation of data |
| 5 Types of ABA Graphs | LBCSS 1. Line graphs 2. Bar graphs 3. Cumulative Record 4. Semilogarithmic Charts (Standard Celeration Charts) 5. Scatter Plots |
| Equal Interval Graphs | AKA: Arithmetic Charts, Add-Subtract Charts **Graphs in which distance between any 2 consecutive points on BOTH the X and Y axis is always the same. **ALL intervals are the same size **EQUAL INTERVAL GRAPHS include line graphs, bar graphs, cumulative records, and scatter plots **NON-EQUAL INTERVAL GRAPHS include Logarithmic scales, including semi-logarithmic scales such as Standard Celeration Charts, look at behavior change through proportionate or relative change. |
| Line Graphs | AKA: Frequency Polygons **Most common graphs used in ABA **Based on the Cartesian Plane **Use a balanced ration between the height & width of the axes **Y axis should be shorter than X-axis **Each point on a line graph shows the level of some quantifiable dimension of the DV in relation to the IV in effect when the data was recorded **Comparing data points lets us exam LEVEL, TREND & VARIABILITY |
| Cartesian Plane | 2-dimensional area formed by 2 perpendicular lines that intersect |
| When to use Line Graphs | **When you want your data to effectively communicate about data that can be scaled along some dimension such as time or the order of responses in a sequence. |
| Bar Graph | AKA: Histogram **A simple and versatile graph format for summarizing behavior data; shares most of the line graph’s features except that it does not have distinct data points representing successive response measurements through time. **DOES NOT allow for analysis of variability & trend in behavior |
| 7 Parts of a Line Graph | 1. Horizontal Axis 2. Vertical Axis 3. Condition Change Lines 4. Condition Labels 5. Data Points 6. Data Paths 7. Figure Caption |
| Part of Line Graph: Horizontal Axis | AKA: X-axis, Abscissa **represents passage of time & the presence, absence, or value of the IV, **tic marks, **utilize scale break to represent discontinuities in time |
| Part of Line Graph: Vertical Axis | (AKA: Y-axis, Ordinate)--Represents the full range of values of the DV, scaling is important to see changes in level, trend & variability |
| Part of Line Graph: Condition Change Lines | **Vertical lines drawn upward from X-axis to show points in time at which changes in the IV occurred **Solid Lines = major changes **Dashed Lines = Minor changes |
| Part of Line Graph: Condition Labels | **Placed at top & parallel to X-axis, describes experimental conditions for each phase |
| Part of Line Graph: Data Points | **Each point on a graph **Has 2 meanings--1. A quantifiable measure of the target behavior recorded during a given observation period; 2. The time &/or experimental conditions under which that particular measurement was conducted **If there is more than 1 set of data on the graph, different symbols are used **DO NOT use color **Coordinates of a data point in graphs are always displayed as (x,y) |
| Part of Line Graph: Data Paths | **Connects successive data points with a straight line **Illustrates level * trend of behavior between 2 consecutive data points **The data path should be examined to interpret graphs **NOTE: Maximum of 4 different data paths can be displayed effectively on 1 set of axes |
| Part of Line Graph: Figure Captions | **Concise statement that provides information to identify the IV & DV **Explains symbols used & unplanned events **Printed below the graph |
| When should data points not be connected on a line graph? | IF....1. Data points fall on either side of a condition change line 2. Time has passed & the behavior was not measured 3. There was a discontinuity in time on the x-axis (i.e., vacation) 4. Data were not collected, lost, etc... and 5. It is follow -up or post check data |
| Line Graph Variations | 1. 2 or more DIMENSIONS of the SAME behavior 2. 2 or more different BEHAVIORS 3. Measure of the same behavior under DIFFERENT CONDITIONS 4. Changes in Values of the IV 5. Same behavior of 2 or MORE PARTICIPANTS |
| When to use Bar Graphs | 1. Displaying separate sets of data that ARE NOT related to one another EX: The percentage of trials in which 4 children picked up different food items during a reinforcer assessment 2. Summarizing performance within a condition or a group of individuals EX: A teacher plots the number of books read per student during summer break |
| Cumulative Records | Dev by Skinner to record data in EAB research 1957 **Cumulative Recorder displays cum. data **Called "cumulative" cause keep adding on responses during each observation period to the total # of all previously recorded responses **The y-axis value represents the total # of responses recorded since beg. of data collection **When the total # of responses exceeds the upper limit of the y-axis scale the data path resets to 0 on the y-axis & begins to rise again **usually used with RATE/FREQUENCY |
| 2 Types of Cumulative Record Response Rates | **Steeper the slope, higher the response rate, Rate/Frequency: # of responses/time 1. Overall Response Rate--Ave rate of responses over a given time period, AVE. Response Rate/# of Observations 2. Local Response Rate--Ave rate of response during periods of time smaller than that for which an overall response rate has been given, AVE Response Rate/# of Observations in target period(s) |
| Why Use a Cumulative Record over a Noncumulative Graph? | 1. Target beh can be measured in cumulative units (i.e., # of cans recycled) 2. The target beh ONLY occurs once per observation period 3. The cumulative record shows how rapidly or slowly the target response are repeated--look at the steepness of the slope--steeper slope = more rapid responses 4. Can be used for personal feedback (self-monitoring) 5. The effects of the IV are easier to detect on the cum record vs. Noncum graph--Cumulative records reveal more intrinsic details between beh & env |
| Semilogarithmic Charts | AKA: Ratio Chart, Multiply-Divide Chart **Graph in which ONE axis is scaled proportionally **X-axis in = intervals, Y-axis scaled logarithmically **Behavior changes of equal proportion are shown by equal vertical distances on the vertical axis |
| Standard Celeration Chart | Type of Semilogarithmic Chart **Developed by Ogden Lindsley to use with Precision Teaching **Provides a standardized means of charting & analyzing how FREQUENCY of behavior changes over time, Frequency/Time = Rate/Celeration **Can be used to chart social behaviors and academic behaviors **Uses fixed periods of time (e.g., 1-minute timings) distributed across the day or week **GOAL: Increase # of correct answers & decreases the # of wrong within set time. |
| Level | The value on the axis around which a series of behavioral measures converge **Answers the question "How much has the behavior changed?" **Examined by looking at your data's mean, median, and/or range |
| Scatter Plot | 2-dimensional graph, shows the relative distribution of ind measures in a data set with respects to the variables depicted by the x and y axes. **Data points on a scatterplot are not connected **Depicts changes in value on one axis correlated with changes in value on the other axis **One variable (usually time of day) is plotted on the y-axis & a second variable (usually days) is plotted on the x-axis **USE WHEN YOU WANT TO DISCOVER THE TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF BEH, OR WHEN GROUPING IND DATA POINTS |
| Split Middle Line of Progress | A line drawn through a series of graphed data points that shows the overall trend in the data; drawn through the intersections of the vertical and horizontal middles of each half of the charted data and then adjusted up or down so that half of all data points fall on or above and half fall on or below the line. |
| Trend | The overall direction taken by a data path. It is described in terms of direction (increasing, decreasing, or zero trend), degree (gradual or steep), and the extent of variability of data points around the trend. Trend is used in predicting future measures of the behavior under unchanging conditions. - The general direction & rate of increase of decrease in which data move over time - Answers the question "In what direction is the change headed?" |
| Variability | **The extent to which the data "bounce around" on the graph -**Answers the question "How consistent is the change that is taking place?" **Frequency & degree to which multiple measures of behavior yield different outcomes. |
| Visual Analysis | A systematic approach for interpreting the results of behavior research and treatment programs that entails visual inspection of graphed data for variability, level, and trend within and between experimental conditions |
| 3 Fundamental Properties of Behavior Change | 1. Level 2. Trend 3. Variability |
| Mean Level Line | - Horizontal line drawn through the data points on the vertical axis equaling the AVERAGE or MEAN value of the data - Can obscure important variability - Adds an easy-to-see summary of average performance |
| Median Level Line | - Horizontal line drawn through the data points on the vertical axis that shows the most typical performance within a condition - Better than mean level line when your data has extreme outliers |
| 6 Steps to a Split-Middle Line of Progress | 1. Count 2. Divide 3. Mid: Mid-Rate 4. Mid: Mid-Date 5. Quarter: Quarterly-Intersect Line of Progress 6. Split: Split-Middle Line of Progress |
Created by:
tearlesvollrath