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Speech Science Sec1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The term __________ refers to the study of the structure of an organism. | Anatomy |
| The term _______ refers to the study of the function of the living organism and it's parts, as well as the chemical processes involved. | Physiology |
| When your study turns to disease conditions or structural abnormalities, you will have entered the domain of _______. | Pathological Anatomy |
| Explain anatomical position. | The body is erect and the palms, arms, and hands face forward. |
| The axial skeleton consists of ___________. | The head and trunk with the spinal column as the axis. |
| The appendicular skeleton includes___________. | The upper and lower limbs. |
| This is the axis of the brain and is slightly less straightforward due to morphological changes of the brain during development. | Neuraxis |
| A _________ cut is any cut parallel to the median plane and divides the body into left and right portions. | Sagittal Section |
| In what way does a transverse plan cut? | Divides the body into upper and lower portions. |
| A _____ cut results in front and back portions of a body. | Coronal Section; so called because the plane is parallel to the coronal suture of the skull, which roughly divides the body in half along that axis. |
| T or F- the term anterior and ventral mean the same thing, and the term posterior and dorsal mean the same thing. | TRUE |
| Name the four types of tissue found in the human body: | Connective, Nervous, Epithelial, Muscular |
| _______ tissue refers to the superficial layer of mucous membranes and the cells constituting the skins, as well as the linings of major body cavities. | Epithelial (protective) |
| _________ tissue is a specialized contractile tissue, unlike any other in the body. This is the third type of muscle tissue | Muscle |
| List the three types of muscle tissue.... | Smooth, Striated, and Cardiac |
| ____ tissue is a highly communicative tissue. | Nervous Tissue |
| _________ tissue varies as a function of the intercellular material surrounding it. | Connective |
| Blood is a fluid ________, whereas bone is a highly dense _______. | Connective Tissue |
| Sheet like membrane that surrounds organs, | Fascia |
| What is the difference between fascia and aponuerosis. | Aponuerosis is a sheet like tendon, while fascia is a sheet like membrane |
| ___________ is defined as the exchange of gas between an organism and its environment. | Respiration |
| We bring oxygen to the cells of the body to sustain life by breathing in, which is considered ___________ | Inhalation or Inspiration |
| We eliminate waste products by breathing out, or ___________. | Exhalation or Expiration |
| What is air pressure? | The force exerted on the walls of a chamber by molecules or air. Pressure is force exerted on area, therefore you have increased pressure by decreasing area. |
| This states that , given a gas of constant temperature, if you increase the volume of the chamber in which the gas is contained, the pressure will decrease. The opposite is also true. | Boyle's Law |
| Increased pressure is known as ________ (positive or negative pressure?) | POSITIVE |
| The functional unit of the vertebral column is the ________. | Vertebrae |
| Name the five divisions of the vertebral column.... | Cervical (C1-C7), Thoracic (T1-T12), Lumbar (L1-L5), Sacral (S1-S5 fused), Coccygeal (fused unit known as the coccyx). |
| ______ is the bony structure made of vertebrae | vertebral column |
| _________ is the nerve tracks and cell bodies within the spinal column. | spinal cord |
| The ______ is also known as the breast plate | sternum |
| The ______ is composed of 33 segments of bone with rich set of fossa and protuberances clearly designed for function. | vertebral column |
| This is the foramen of vertebral segment through which spinal cord passes... | vertebral foramen |
| _____ is the foramen through which spinal cord nerve exits and or enters the spinal cord. | intervertebral foramen |
| Which vertebrae section provides the basis for the respiratory framework and why? | The thoracic division of the vertebral column because it forms the posterior point of attachment for the ribs of the bony thorax. Also, the thoracic vertebrae have larger spinous and transverse processes. |
| Intervertebral foramen is found __________ vertebrae and is the product of the inferior and superior vertebral notches of vertebrae. | between |
| The five sacral vertebrae are actually a fused mass known as the ______. | Sacrum |
| What is the coccyx composed of? | Fused coccygeal vertebrae. It is so named because of its beak like appearance. |
| The pelvic girdle is comprised of what 4 things? | Ilium, sacrum, pubic bones, and ischium. |
| True or False- the ribs of the rib cage articulate with the spinal column in a fashion that prevents the rib cage from movement. | FALSE- the ribs of the rib cage articulate with the spinal column in a fashion that PERMITS the rib cage some limited movement for respiration. |
| Large wing-like bone that provides the bulk of support for the abdominal musculature and the prominent hip bone. | Ilium |
| The iliac crest is an important landmark, what does it mark? | It marks the termination of the crest as well as the superior point of attachment for the inguinal ligament. |
| _________ is the point of union between the two pubic bones. | Pubic symphysis |
| The pectoral girdle includes the _________ and the ______, bones that support the upper extremities and attach to the sternum. | scapula and clavicle |
| Explain why the pelvic and pectoral girdles are important structures. | These structures provide the points of attachment for the lower and upper extremities (limbs). |
| There are ______ pairs of ribs in the human thorax, with each rib generally consisting of four components... | 12, four components include: head, neck, shaft, and angle |
| What is the C1 vertebra and what does it do? How about the C2 vertebra? | The C1 vertebrae is the upper most cervical vertebra, also known as the axis because it supports the head. Directly beneath the C1 is the C2, or atlas, which allows the skull to pivot. |
| State Boyle's law... | increased volume of the chamber in which a gas is contained will decrease the pressure. |
| The sacral foramina provides a passage for the __________. | Sacral Nerves |
| The ____ provides the basis for respiratory framework because it forms the posterior point of attachment for the ribs of the bony thorax. | Thoracic Vertebrae |
| What kind of support does the lumbar vertebrae provide? | Walking and standing support. |
| Gas exchange happens within the minuscule air sacs known as the _______ after gas has been drawn into the system. | Alveoli |
| Bringing air into the lungs is an ______, __________ processes. | active, muscular |
| The spinal column provides the points of attachment for numerous muscles by means of what two things? | the spinous and transverse process |
| The spinal cord and the spinal nerves are housed where? | The spinal column |
| ______ is a solid section, meaning body. | Corpus |
| ___________ allows for spine support and flexibility. | Intervertebral Disk |
| When viewed laterally, what shape is the spine? When viewed from anterior or posterior? | When viewed laterally, the spine is S shaped and when viewed from anterior or posterior angles, it is straight. |
| The diaphragm separates ____ and_____. | Thorax and abdomen |
| Name the three parts of the sternum | Manubrium, Corpus, Xiphoid process |
| The sternum has articular cavities for costal attachment, with the manubrium providing the attachment for the _________ and ______. | Clavicle and First Rib |
| The second rib articulates at the juncture of the _______ and ______, this is known as the manubrosternal angle. | Manubrium and Corpus |
| How many total ribs in the rib cage? How many are true? False? Floating? | 12, 7 true, 3 false, 2 floating |
| At rest the ribs slope downward, but they elevate during _______. | Inspiration |
| Where does gas exchange occur? | the lungs |
| A flexible tube, approximately 11 cm in length and composed of a series of 16 to 20 hyaline cartilage rings that are open in the posterior aspect. | Trachea- runs from the inferior border of the larynx. |
| The trachea bifurcates (divides) at a point known as __________ to become the left and right ____________. | carina trachea, to become the left and right main stem bronchi. |
| The trachea must be both ________ and ______. In response to this need, the trachea is built of hyaline cartilage rings that provide support while the membrane permits movement. | rigid and flexible |
| How many generations of the bronchial tree are in the left lung? How many in the right lung? | Left- 14 generations, Right- 28 generations |
| The last bronchioles in the respiratory tree, connecting the respiratory tree to the alveoli. | Terminal respiratory bronchioles |
| How many lobes is the right lobe composed of? How about the left? | The right lung is composed of three lobes, separated by fissures. The left lung has only two lobes (the heart). |
| The ________ at this terminal point do the real work of respiration by virtue of their architecture and relationship with vascular supply. | Alveoli |
| The lungs and inner thoracic wall are each completely covered with a ________ lining. | Pleural lining, this provides a means of smooth contact for rough tissue, as well as a mechanism for translating the force of thorax enlargement into respiration. |
| The lungs expand as a result of enlargement of the structure surrounding them. we contract the diaphragm to enlarge the _______ (vertical or horizontal) dimension. | vertical (superior-inferior) |
| We elevate the rib cage to enlarge the ______ (vertical or horizontal) dimension. | transverse (antero-posterior) |
| The lungs are incased in linings referred to as the _____ pleurae and the thoracic linings are the _______ pleurae. | Lungs = visceral, thoracic = parietal |
| The most important muscle in the body (the heart) is located deep within the thorax, in a region known as the ______. | Mediastinum- the most protected region in the body |
| The ___ takes the form of an inverted bowl, with its attachments along the lower margin of the rib cage, sternum, and vertebral column. | Diaphragm |
| T or F- contraction of the diaphragm has the result of pulling the central tendon down and forward. | True- would result in vertical dimension |
| 11 pairs of muscles that originate on lower surface of the ribs. They go down and at an angle, starting at vert. column and towards front but DONT cover the cartilage portion | External Intercostals (elevate the rib cage) *among the most significant respiratory muscles for speech. |
| The _________ are predominately muscles of expiration. go opposite direction of external intercostals, found deep and by the sternum, covers cartilage area. | Internal Intercostals |
| Inhalation is always... | ACTIVE |
| When the diaphragm is contracted, there is __________ (more or less) thoracic space. Pressure will (increase or decrease) | More, decrease |
| Diaphragm is lowered, space is _______, and pressure is _______. | space is increased, pressure is decreased. |
| Explain pressure in the lungs. | Lungs increase and pressure is decreased (inspiration), lungs decrease and pressure is increased (exhalation). |
| Explain the difference between quiet and forced respiration. | Quiet- inspiration that involves minimal muscular activity, primarily that of the diaphragm. Forced- inspiration that involves both diaphragm and accessory muscles of inspiration. |
| The _____ muscles are positioned so that when they contract, the entire rib cage elevates, with most of the distance moved being in the front aspect. | External Intercostals *among the most significant respiratory muscles for speech. |
| Shortening the muscles of the levator costarum tends to _______ the rib cage. Although these muscles may appear to be in the back, they are considered ______. | Elevate, Thoracic |
| Name the two components of the Levator Costarum | Brevis and Longis |
| The ______ portions of the levator costarum originate on the transverse processes of C7-T11, for a total of 12 muscles. Fibers course down nad out to insert into the tubercle of the rib below. | Brevis |
| The ______ portions originate on the transverse process of T7-T11, with fibers coursing down and obliquely out. These fibers bypass the rib below the point of origin, inserting rather into the next rib. | Longis |
| This muscle goes from C7-T3, starting at the spinous process and inserting laterally just beyond the angles of ribs 2-5. | Serratus Posterior Superior |
| Muscle on each side of the neck that become especially prominent when an individual turns its head toward one side. What are the attachments of this muscle? | Sternocleidomastoid- courses from its origin on the mastoid process of the temporal bone to its insertion at the sternum and clavicle. |
| What happens when both the left and right sternocleidomastoid muscles are simultaneously contracted? | The sternum and the anterior rib cage will elevate.... so, the sternum and clavicle will rise, ribs will go up, space will increase, and air can enter! |
| The scalnei (or scalenes) are muscles of the _____ that provide stability to the head ad facilitate rotation. | Neck. |
| Name the origin and insertion of the scalenes anterior. | Originate on the transverse process of the cervical region and inserts on the superior border of the first 2 ribs. |
| What is clavicular breathing? | form of respiration in which thorax expansion arises primarily through the elevation of the rib cage via contraction of the accessory muscles of inspiration, mostly the clavicle. It is a less than perfect solution to the respiration problems. |
| The pectoralis major is a large, fan shaped muscle that originates from two heads. What are these two heads and where is the insertion? | Sternal and Clavicle heads, insert at the humerus. |
| Where is the origin of the pectoralis minor? Is this muscle found on top or beneath the major? | The pectoralis minor originates along ribs 2-5 and goes to the scapula. It is found beneath the pectoralis major. |
| The sawlike fingers of the serratus anterior arise from ribs ________ along the side of the thorax, coursing up to converge on the inner vertebral border of the scapula. | ribs 1-9 |
| The ________ is a massive muscle making up the superficial upper back and neck, originating along the spinous process of C2-T12 by means of fascial connection. | Trapezius- muscle of head and neck control |
| This muscle courses under the clavicle, originating from the inferior margin of the clavicle and taking an oblique and medial course to insert into the superior surface of the first rib at the chondral margin. | Subclavius |
| _____ _______ requires that musculature act on the lungs indirectly to squeeze the air out of them. | Active Respiration |
| Active expiration can be achieved in two ways. What are they? | The rib cage can be pulled down by the internal intercostals, and transversus thoracis muscles OR expand the thorax by increasing the vertical dimension through contraction of the diaphragm. |
| This muscle originates on the margin of the sternum and inserts on ribs 2-6 (found on the inner surface of the rib cage). This pulls the ribs down upon contraction. | Transversus Thoracis |
| The serratus posterior inferior muscles originate on the spinous process of the lower back, particularly what vertebrae? | T11, T12, L1, L2, L3... think serratus, spinous (spine = back) and inferior = lower (lower back) (posterior= back) |
| __________ is a sheet like tendon across abdomen to which muscles are attached. | Abdominal Aponeurosis |
| ________ is a white line that runs from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis, forming a midline structure for muscular attachment. | Linea Alba |
| Lateral to the rectus abdominis is the __________, the deepest of the anterior abdominal muscles. Originates posteriorly to fascia and runs laterally, inserting on aponeurosis | Transversus Abdominis |
| The _______ is located between the external oblique ab and transversus ab. This muscle fans out from its origin on the iliac crest to the cartilage portion of the lower ribs. Inserts into the linea alba. | Internal Oblique Abdominis |
| This muscle lays on top of the internal oblique and runs at an opposite angle. Goes through bony part of ribs 6-12 and inserts along iliac crest. | External Oblique |
| _______ is the extra air that you can inhale after the tidal inspiration. | Inspiratory Reserve Volume |
| _____ is the volume of air exchanged during one cycle of quiet respiration | Quiet Tidal Volume |
| __________ is the volume of air that can be expired after a tidal expiration | Expiratory Reserve Volume |
| What is residual volume? | In respiration, the volume of air remaining after a maximum exhalation. No matter how fully you expire, there is a volume of air that cannot be eliminated! |
| _________ is air within the conducting passageways that cannot be involved in gas exchange. | Dead Space Air- about 150 cc of volume per person (varies with age and weight) |
| This is the most often cited capacity in speech and hearing literature. It is the total volume of air that can be inspired after a maximal expiration. What volumes does this include? | Vital Capacity= IRV + ERV+ TV |
| _________ is the volume of air remaining in the body after passive exhalation. | Functional Residual Capacity. (FRC= ERV+ RV) *about 2200 mL in the average adult. |
| _______ is the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. It is the sum of all volumes. | Total Lung Capacity *about 5100 cc |
| ________ is the maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration. | Inspiratory Capacity (IC= IRV +TV) |
| At what age does total lung capacity reach a peak? What gender tends to have a greater lung capacity? | Age 25, Males |
| Name the two instruments of respiration. What do they do? | Spirometer- device used to measure respiratory volume UTube Manometer- device for measuring air pressure differences |
| What is atmospheric pressure? | Atmosphere of pressure generated by its weight. *the higher the elevation, the lower the pressure |
| ___________ is pressure measured within the pleural linings of the lungs. | Intraplueral Pressure |
| _____ is pressure measured at the level of the alveolus in the lung. | Alveolar Pressure |
| What is intraoral pressure? Subglottal pressure? | Intraoral- pressure within the mouth. Subglottal- pressure below the vocal folds. |
Created by:
Mal.Fine