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History 8 Mid-Term
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 14th Amendment | made anyone born in the United States citizens(applied to all slaves) |
| 13th Amendment | Abolished(ended) slavery; criminals can be forced to work; included states and territories |
| Ten Percent Plan | Lincoln’s plan to restore the Union as quickly and easily as possible; required 10% of southern voters to swear an oath of loyalty before they could return to the Union |
| Grandfather Clause | Helped allow only white men to vote; if your father or grandfather could vote before 1868 then you could; whites did not have to take a literacy test |
| Radical Reconstruction | Name given to Congressional Reconstruction; very harsh(hard) on the South; Imposed military rule in the South; threw out Governments who refused to ratify the 15th Amendment |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | established legal segregation in the South as long as the facilities were “separate but equal”; they were rarely equal; denied African Americans their full Civil Rights |
| Freedmen’s Bureau | helped provide relief to Blacks and Whites displaced by the war; gave them food, shelter, clothing, etc.; started schools and helped former slaves find work |
| Ku Klux Klan | organized by Whites angry about their loss of power; used terror and violence to keep Blacks out of power and deny them rights such as voting |
| Wounded Knee | Battle in which many innocent Native Americans were killed; marked an end to the Indian Wars |
| “Wild West” | Myth that referred to the belief that the west was a place of big opportunities, gun fight’s, and excitement |
| Transcontinental Railroad | railroad that connected the east and west coasts; federal government encouraged railroad building by giving land to railroads; helped to encourage farming out west |
| Cattle Industry | Grew out of the new demand for beef after the Civil War; the railroad allowed ranchers to ship beef to both the eastern and western markets; harsh weather and economic depression bring the cattle kingdom to an end |
| Oklahoma Land Rush | In 1889 the Federal Government opened up Oklahoma to settlement; homesteaders rushed in to claim land |
| Homestead Act | helped farmers settle the plains by giving them 160 acres for a small fee, it was theirs to keep if they worked it for 5 years |
| Reservation | land set aside for Native Americans; many disliked the practice of sending Native Americans there; those who went hoped to be left alone |
| Immigrants | helped build the railroad, worked as cowhands, and mined for gold |
| Boomtown | after a strike miners would build a tent city, merchants would then move in, governments would be established, and when the ore dried up what was left was a ghost town |
| Immigration | In the late 1800’s many immigrants came from Europe looking for work in the United States; they were helped by immigrant-aid societies that helped them get shelter, clothing, and an education |
| Social Darwinism | philosophy that tied the principle of “survival of the fittest” to industry; embraced by factory owners |
| Pullman Strike | railroad workers went on strike after wages were cut |
| Compulsory education laws | most required student attendance through the 10th grade; needed to create a more educated workforce |
| Education | As education increased more people began to read; newspaper and magazine readership increased dramatically leading to a growth in newspapers |
| Urbanization | term for the growth of cities; technology, jobs, department stores, museums, professional sports, and many other things attracted many; many farmers migrated to the city to look for work |
| Settlement House | community centers that offered services for the poor |
| Steel | was stronger and cheaper than iron |
| Realism | writers showed life as it really was |
| Nativists | believed immigrants hurt the economy stole jobs from Americans |
| Thomas Edison | invented the light bulb, phonograph and many other things; his invention of the power plant allowed electricity to be used |
| Spoils System | policy of giving jobs to loyal political allies; spread corruption |
| Temperance Movement | wanted to outlaw alcohol; most early reformers were women |
| “Gentlemen’s Agreement” | agreement between Roosevelt and Japan to limit the number of Japanese workers coming to the United States |
| “Muckrakers” | Roosevelt’s nickname for reform journalists like Ida Tarbell, Upton Sinclair, and Lincoln Steffens |
| New opportunities for Women in the 1800’s | they promoted reform, became doctors and lawyers, and entered into social work |
| Women’s Suffrage(right to vote) | 1st received the right to vote in western states; 19th amendment gave women the right to vote in 1920 after 50 years of pressure from suffragists |
| Interstate Commerce Act and Sherman anti-trust act | passed to limit the power of big business; were early attempts to regulate business |
| Commodore Matthew Perry | his trip in 1853 to Japan led to Japan signing a trade treaty with the US, it also got protection for shipwrecked American sailors; the encounter also led to Japan taking steps to modernize its feudal society |
| Purchase of Alaska | known as “Seward’s Folly” because many saw it as a waste of money |
| Open Door Policy | Secretary of State John Hay’s plan to allow all nations to trade equally in China; this helped protect US right to trade with China |
| Cuban Revolution | In the late 1800’s the Cubans revolted against the Spanish who had ruled over them since 1492, many Americans were sympathetic to the Cuban struggle and wanted the US to intervene |
| USS Maine | American battleship stationed in Havana Harbor; destroyed in an explosion in 1898, no one knew what caused the explosion but it was blamed on Spain; led to the Spanish-American War |
| Peace Treaty at the end of the Spanish American War | gave islands of Puerto Rico, Guam, Wake and the Philippines to the US; helped the US gain an overseas empire and question whether the US wanted to create colonies; this angered many Americans |
| Roosevelt Corollary | was an extension of the Monroe Doctrine that allowed the United States to intervene in Latin American affairs |
| Francisco “Pancho” Villa | raided Columbus New Mexico killing 18 Americans; Wilson sent several thousand soldiers across the border into Mexico in 1916 |
| Isthmus | narrow strip of land connecting two larger pieces of land; US built a canal across the isthmus of Panama |
| Colombia | controlled Panama and would not sell it to the US; later lost Panama when the US supported a Panamanian revolt |
| Dollar Diplomacy | Taft’s economic policy in Latin America |
| Causes of WWI | Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism(glorification of the military), and the system of alliances |
| “Spark” of WWI | Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand |
| American Neutrality | Woodrow Wilson and the US stayed neutral at 1st; slogan in the 1916 election was “He kept us out of War” |
| African Americans | served in all black units led by white officers; often utilized in non-combat units |
| Selective Service Act | Established by Wilson to require young men to register for the draft to expand the US army after Congress declares war |
| “Victory Gardens” | planted to help conserve food; Mrs. Wilson had one on the White House lawn |
| Paris Peace Conference | Big “4” were France, Britain, Italy and US; Wilson’s main goal was to create an International organization to promote peace(League of Nations); other allies wanted to punish Germany |
| American Expeditionary Force | Name given to the American troops in Europe; welcomed by parades and flowers in Paris |
| Influenza | caused a worldwide epidemic in 1918-1919; killed 500,000 in US |
| Returning Soldiers | competed for limited jobs and high unemployment resulted |
| Espionage and Sedition Acts | used by the government to jail Americans who were expressing anti-war views |
| US Entry into the War | The Zimmerman telegram and the overthrow of Russia’s Tsar draw the US into the war |
| Armistice | signed by Central Powers; agreed to pull back troops on the Western Front, hand over fleet of U-Boats, cancel the treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and Kaiser had to step down |
| United States Entry | Provided supplies, sent soldiers, increased French morale |
| 19th Amendment | Gave women the right to vote in 1920 |
| Automobile | Henry Ford’s assembly line led to the mass production of automobiles; led to a more mobile society; tourism increased |
| Recession | followed WWI as returning troops looked for jobs and war industries laid off workers; ended by the mid 1920’s |
| Strikes | Postwar strikes led to a fear that a Communist revolution was happening in the United States(Red Scare) |
| 1920 Immigration Laws | restricted immigration from Europe and Asia; allowed more people from the Americas to come to the United States |
| 18th Amendment | established prohibition, the banning of alcohol in the United States; success of the Temperance Movement |
| Prohibition | Banning of the sale, production, and consumption of alcohol in the United States; began as a way to conserve grain during WWI; led to a rise in organized crime and violence |
| The Great Migration | Name given to movement of African Americans to the North during the 20’s; helped Jazz spread North |
| Flappers | women who wore shorter dresses, bobbed their hair, and wore bright lipstick; they smoked, drank, and danced; became a symbol of a 20’s woman |
| Charles Lindbergh | hero of the 20’s; 1st person to fly non-stop across the Atlantic Ocean |
| Harlem Renaissance | African American cultural rebirth that started in Harlem which is located in New York City; Hughes, Johnson, and Hurston were all writers from the Harlem Renaissance |
| Installment Buying | buying on credit; buying something and paying it off over time a little at a time; one cause of the industrial boom of the 20’s |
| Stock Market | boomed during the 1920’s; encouraged a lot of people to borrow money to invest in the stock market |
| Babe Ruth | celebrated baseball hero of the 1920’s |
| 1932 election | FDR defeated Hoover by a large margin |
| WPA and CCC | were government programs that created government jobs for the unemployed |
| FDIC | insures depositors’ bank accounts and guarantees individuals money back |
| Critics of the New Deal | conservatives believed the New Deal had gone too far while liberals believed it had not gone far enough to help the poor; many also were worried about the government’s deficit spending |
| Black Blizzards | severe dust storms during the Dust Bowl on the plains |
| Wagner Act | guaranteed workers the right to organize |
| Great Depression | Long period of economic decline caused by overproduction, a banking crisis, and unemployment; ended in 1941 when the US entered WWII |
| African Americans | moved North during the Depression looking for work |
| New Deal | FDR’s plan to provide relief, recovery, and reform to Americans; provided Old-age insurance, minimum wage laws, and aid to dependent children |
| Hoovervilles | nickname for homeless communities in the early 1930’s |
| Dust Bowl | causes were drought, overgrazing, high winds, and the removal of the sod layer by modern farming methods |
| Movies | Movies like the Wizard of Oz and King Kong helped people forget their troubles |
Created by:
bmerkt