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Chemistry
Chemistry 1 (Chapters 9,11,12,15,16) Mr. Benzing
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mole ratio | The ratio of moles of one substance to moles of another in a balanced chemical equation |
| One mole | 6.022 x 10^(23) units |
| Stoichiometry | Stoichiometry is used to determine the amount of products/reactants that are produced/needed in a given reaction |
| Limiting reactant (limiting reagent) | The reactant that is completely used up when a reaction is run to completion |
| Theoretical yield | The maximum amount of a given product that can be formed when the limiting reactant is completely consumed |
| Percent yield | The actual yield of a product as the percentage of the theoretical yield. (actual yield) / (theoretical yield) x 100 = percent yield |
| Wavelength | The distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs in a wave |
| Frequency | The number of waves (cycles) per second that pass a given point in space |
| Photon | A particle of EM radiation |
| Electromagnetic (EM) radiation | Radiant energy that exhibits wavelike behavior and travels through space at the speed of light in a vacuum |
| Quantized | Certain and discrete |
| Orbital | The three-dimensional region in which there is a high probability of finding an electron in an atom |
| Pauli exclusion principle | In a given atom, no two electrons can occupy the same atomic orbital and have the same spin |
| Electron configuration | The arrangement of electrons in an atom |
| Valence electron | The electron in the outermost principal energy level of an atom |
| Core electron | An inner electron; an electron not in the outermost principal energy level of an atom |
| Ionization energy | The amount of energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion |
| Bond (chemical bond) | The force that holds two or more atoms together and makes them function as a unit |
| Bond energy | The energy required to break a given chemical bond |
| Ionic bonding | The attraction between oppositely charged ions |
| Ionic compound | A compound that results when a metal reacts with a nonmetal to form cations and anions |
| Covalent bonding | A type of bonding in which atoms share electrons |
| Polar covalent bond | A covalent bond in which the electrons are not shared equally because one atom attracts the shared electrons more than the other atom |
| Electronegativity | The tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself |
| Dipole moment | A property of a molecule in which the charge distribution can be represented by a center of positive charge and a center of negative charge |
| Lewis structure | A representation of a molecule or polyatomic ion showing how valence electrons are arranged among the atoms in the molecule or ion |
| Bonding pair | A pair of electrons that are shared between two atoms forming a covalent or polar-covalent bond |
| Lone pair (unshared pair) | Electron pairs in a Lewis structure that are not involved in bonding |
| Resonance | A condition occurring when more than one valid Lewis structure can be written for a particular molecule |
| Molecular structure (geometric structure) | The three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule |
| Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VESPER) model | A model used to predict molecular geometry based on the idea that the atoms are positioned to minimize repulsion |
| Solution | A homogeneous mixture |
| Solvent | The dissolving medium in a solution |
| Solute | The substance dissolved in the in the solvent to make a solution |
| Aqueous solution | A solution with water as a solvent |
| Saturated | A solution that contains as much solute as will dissolve at that temperature |
| Unsaturated | A solution in which more solute can be dissolved at that temperature |
| Supersaturated | A solution that contains more solute than can be dissolved at that temperature |
| Concentrated | A solution in which a relatively small amount of solute is dissolved in a solution |
| Dilute | A solution in which a relatively small amount of solute is dissolved in a solution |
| Standard solution | A solution in which the concentration is accurately known |
| Dilution | The process of adding solvent to a solution to lower the concentration of solute |
| Neutralization reaction | An acid-base reaction |
| Equivalent of an acid | The amount of acid that can furnish one mole of hydrogen ions (H+) |
| Equivalent of a base | The amount of base that can furnish one mole of hydroxide ions (HO-) |
| Equivalent weight | The mass (in grams) of one equivalent of an acid or a base |
| Colligative property | A property that is dependent only on the number of solute particles present in solution |
| Bronsted-Lowry Acid | Proton donor |
| Bronsted-Lowry Base | Proton receiver |
| Arrhenius Acid | Produces H+ in solution |
| Arrhenius Base | Produces OH- in solution |
| Conjugate acid | Substance that is formed when a proton is added to a base |
| Conjugate base | Substance that is formed when a proton leaves a base |
| Strong acid | An acid that completely dissociates to produce H+ ions in solution |
| Weak acid | An acid that dissociates to a slight extent in aqueous solution |
| Amphoteric substance | A substance that can behave as an acid or base |
| Diprotic acid | An acid that can furnish two protons |
| Oxyacid | An acid in which the acidic proton is attached to an oxygen atom |
| Organic acid | An acid with a carbon-atom backbone and a carboxyl group |
| pH meter | A device used to measure the pH of a solution |
| pH scale | A logarithmic scale used to express the acidity or basicity of a solution |
| Titration | A technique in which a solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration of another solution |
| Buret | A device used for the accurate measurement of the delivery of a given volume of a liquid or solution |
| Equivalence (stoichiometric) point | The point in titration when enough titrant has been added to react exactly with the substance in solution that is being titrated |
| Titration curve (pH curve) | A plot of pH of solution versus volume of titrant added to a given solution |
| Buffered solution | A solution that resists a change in pH when either an acid or a base are added |
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19sangar
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