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The Age of Reason
The English Civil War, The Enlghtenment, & The Scientific Revoluion
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| New Model Army (3) | Oliver Cromwell's army during the English Civil War -on parliament's side- defeated King Charles I forces |
| English Bill of Rights (6) | Promised-*the monarch would summon Parliament regularly*no catholic could assume the throne*no excessive fines or cruel punishments*due process which ensured fairness in court--England is now constitutional--the parliament(elected body)>monarch |
| Divine Right | The idea that monarchs received their power from God and ruled in God's name , this is why people did not question the monarchs as they did not want to question God. |
| Absolute Ruler | An Absolute Ruler is a ruler who has centralized power, which means that all the orders come from one person(or group). |
| Louis XVI (the Sun King) (3) | -FRANCE- *Revoked the Edict of Nantes and forced all of France to become Catholic - * Gave heavy taxes to his people to pay for the Palace of Versailles, as a symbol of his power |
| Peter I (the Great) (4) | -RUSSIA- * Forced Russia to Westernize - *Forced Russian nobles to shave their beards - * Heavily taxed his people in order to build a capitol named after him "St. Petersburg"- and to create a westernized military |
| Versailles Palace | A palace which was made to demonstrate Louis XVI's power, financed by the people's heavy taxes |
| English Civil War (2) | War between Charles I (the Cavaliers) and the Parliament (the roundheads) - Started because Parliament believed that King Charles I was abusing his power |
| Roundheads | The forces of Parliament during the English Civil War |
| Cavaliers | The forces of King Charles I during the English Civil War |
| King Charles I (4) | *King of England that ignited the English Civil War - *illegally raised revenue by extending taxes (b/c only parliament was supposed to) - *Created his own courts which did not have juries - *Basically rebelled against parliament (dismissed them) |
| King Charles II (2) | *Brought to the throne after Parliament asks him to (after Cromwell died) - *Because he is indebted to Parliament for bringing him back to the throne, he plays well with them |
| King James II (2) | *Heir of Charles II - *Wants to gain absolute power and flaunts his catholic faith (which was bad as the king of England was supposed to be the head of the Church of England which is protestant) -*Leaves England to go to France after William and Mary come |
| William & Mary (3) | *Invited by Parliament to the throne of England after James II "rebels"-*Come into England with an army and draw James II out-*Accept the conditions of Parliament before coming into throne, the conditions led to the creation of the English Bill of Rights |
| Constitutional or Limited Monarchy | Meant that the Parliament (the elected body of the nation) was more powerful than the monarch |
| Period of the "Restoration of the Monarchy" (2) | *The people do not like Cromwell's rule as he is too strict and his rule was too Puritan based - *Because of this, Parliament invites Charles II to the throne and all goes well until his heir,James II, tries to become an absolute monarch |
| Oliver Cromwell (2) | *Leader of the new model army which was the opposing side of the king during the English Civil War - *Defeated the king and had him executed - *Becomes the leader of England-Commonwealth established- |
| The Commonwealth (2) | The Government that was established by Oliver Cromwell after the English Civil War-*People were very unhappy with this government as it was too strict and Puritan based-Christmas, make-up, swearing, colorful clothing, sports, and theater were all banned |
| The Glorious Revolution (2) | *William and Mary are invited to replace James II after he attempts to gain absolute rule - * William and Mary sign the ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS before taking the throne |
| The Enlightenment (3) | *Focus was improving/perfecting the government because in doing so that would improve/perfect society |
| The Scientific Revolution (5) | *Emphasis on reason and systematic observation-*Formulation of the scientific method-*Expansion of scientific knowledge-*Belief the world could be improved if the scientific knowledge is applied-*Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, Harvey |
| Thomas Hobbes (2) | *Believed that people were naturally barbaric - *Believed the government's power should be absolute, in order to keep the order |
| John Locke (3) | *Believed people are naturally good - *The government's only purpose is to protect people's natural rights: life, liberty, & property -* A citizen has a right to rebel against the government if they violate the natural rights |
| Montesquieu (3) | *Believed people are naturally free - *Authority should be divided in order to end absolutism and so the government can't take advantage of its power and check itself -Separation of Powers- |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau (3) | -Social Contract- *The government mustn't violate people's rights or the people have a right to replace it - *Both sides must contribute to one another |
| Voltaire (3) | *People are naturally independent, which is why they have the right to choose their own religion - *Church should be separate from state-*Religious toleration was important to him and his ideal government would practice religious toleration |
| Leviathan | The work of Thomas Hobbes. |
| Two Treatises on Government | John Locke's work. |
| In the Spirit of Laws | Montesquieu's work. |
| The Social Contract (2) | The social contract is what Rousseau believed is what the government and its people should have- it is an agreement from the government to not violate people's natural rights or they can revolt and it is both sides job to contribute to society |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | -!HELIOCENTRIC THEORY!- that the sun is the center of the universe and the plants revolve around the sun, not the earth |
| Johannes Kepler | The idea that planets moved in ELLIPTICAL ORBITS around the sun |
| Galileo Galilei | Used the TELESCOPE to confirm the heliocentric theory |
| Sir Isaac Newton | -GRAVITY- developed the laws of gravity-this confirmed Kepler's theory of elliptical orbits because of the gravitational force of the sun and a planet |
| William Harvey | -BLOOD- discovered that blood circulates throughout the body in a closed system |
| Johann Sebastian Bach (2) | *Enlightenment artist - *Baroque composer |
| Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (2) | *Enlightenment artist - *Classical composer |
| Eugene de la Croix (2) | *Enlightenment artist - *a painter who contributed to romanticism |
| Romanticism | An artistic movement that focused on the beauty of nature and exposing human emotion |
| Miguel de Cervantes (3) | *Enlightenment artist - *His work(novel)->*Don Quixote*-*helped created a new form of literature with his novel |
Created by:
AguilaMS20