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Cell energy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In most living organisms the energy in most food comes from | The sun |
| Autotroph | 'Auto'-self, 'troph'-good. Organisms which are able to make their own food, example cyanobacteria, plant like protists, plants |
| Heterotroph | 'Heteros- other, troph- food. Often obtain energy from food they eat. example bacteria ,animal like protist, fungi animals |
| To live what must organisms release and store | To live, all organisms must release energy stored and sugars and other organic compounds |
| What are some forms of energy can take | Heat, light nuclear, wind electrical, and chemical |
| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate, One of the principal chemical compounds that living things used to store energy. Molecules that transfer energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes |
| An ATP molecule consists of the following | A nitrogen containing compound-adenine , a five carbon sugar ribose, three phosphate groups |
| What part of ATP is energy stored in | The three phosphate groups |
| ADP | Lower energy molecules that can converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group. ADP has two phosphate group instead of three. Adenosine diphosphate |
| What does the addition of the third phosphate group allow | The addition of that third phosphate group allows the cell to store small amounts of energy(~7.3 calories) |
| Releasing energy from ATP | The energy stored in ATP is released when ATP is converted to ADP and a phosphate group. This added and subtracting of a third phosphate group is a way of a cell story to release an energy as needed. |
| AMP | Adenosine monophosphate. Has a structure similar to ATP but with one important difference, AMP has one phosphate group instead of three. |
| Active transport: release of energy from ATP | Sodium- potassium pump is energy to transfer three sodium ions out/Im and two potassium items in/out of cell membranes, neurons |
| Movement : releasing energy from ATP | Move organelles along microtublules inside cell, such as centrioles in cell division |
| What is the ATP to ADP cute called | Phosphorylation |
| How many seconds do most cells have of ATP to last for activity | Only a few seconds |
| ATP is very efficient at __but not very good at___amounts of energy | Efficient at transferring energy. Not very good at storing large amounts of energy |
| Glucose | Stores more than 90 times the chemical energy of a Molecule that ATP. |
| Cells can therefore use what to regulate ATP from ADP | Can use carbohydrates like glucose |
| Photosynthesis equation | 6Co2 + 6h2o --> c6h12o6 + 6o2 Carbon dioxide + water --> sugar + oxygen |
| Photosynthesis | Process that captures energy from sunlight to make sugar that store chemical energy |
| Chlorophyll | A molecule in chloroplasts that absorb light energy, like a solar panel |
| pigments | Plants gather the suns energy with light absorbing molecules |
| What are the 2 main types of people u plants principal pigment in Chlorophyll | Chlorophyll a AND chlorophyll b |
| What colors does chlorophyll absorb good and bad in | Good: blue and red range Bad: green and yellow range |
| What happens when chlorophyll absorbs light | Energy is transferred directly to electrons in the chlorophyll molecules, raising the energy levels of these electrons. These high energy electrons make photosynthesis work in the light reaction |
| Chloroplast Structure | Thylakoid structure, grana , stroma |
| Thylakoid structure | Contain clusters of Chlorophyll and other pigments and proteins (enzymes) known as photosynthesis |
| Grana | Stacks of thylakoids. Sing: granum |
| Stroma | Fluid region outside of the thylakoid membranes |
| Photosynthesis steps | Light-dependent reaction Light-independent reaction (Calvin cycle) Photo system II Photo system I Glycolysis |
| Light-dependent reaction p | Occurs in the thylakoid membranes, requires light energy, water and Raw materials. Produces oxygen ATP and NADPH(carries h+ ions) |
| Light-independent reactions p | Also referred to as the Calvin cycle. Occurs in the stroma. Requires carbon dioxide, ATP and NADPH. Produces sugar, and NADP, and a ADP plus P |
| NADPH p | When sunlight excites electrons in chlorophyll the electrons gained a great deal of energy. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.a special carrier molecule is needed to move these high energy electrons. Enzyme helper |
| NADP+ p | Carrier molecule that accepts and holds two high energy electrons along with hydrogen ion. Coenzyme. Results in NADPH. This conversion of NADPH allow some energy of light to be trapped in a chemical form. Chemical energy can then be used by the cell |
| Light dependent, photosystem II p | Pigments in photosystem to absorb light via antenna complexes in Chlorophyll. Energy from light is is war by electrons â increasing their energy level. Energy is passed on the electron transport chain. Enzymes break up water molecules into electrons, |
| Light-dependent reactions - electron transport train(ETC) | High energy electrons move through electron transport chain. Energy from electrons is made by Molecules to transport H plus ions from stroma to the the inner thylakoid |
| Light -dependent reactions - photosystem I | Pigments in photo system one use light energy to reenergize electrons. NADP+ pics of these high energy electrons plus a H plus ions and becomes NADPH. Attach hydrogen ions to the taxicab call NADP |
| Light-dependent - hydrogen ion movement | H plus ions released during water splitting in electron transport and slight positive charge inside the thylakoid membrane and a slight negative charge outside. |
| What happens when h+ ions cannot cross the membrane directly. | The membrane contains a protein called ATP synthesis that allows H plus ions to pass through it. As H plus ions pass-through the protein. The protein rotates like a turbine. As it turned ATP synthesis binds ADP and phosphate group to form ATP. |
| Calvin cycle -light I. P. Step A | CO2 enters the cycle. 602 molecules enter from atmosphere. They combine 6 5-carbon molecules(RuBP) . The end result is 12 three carbon molecule |
| Calvin cycle -light I. P. Step B | Energy input. The 12 three carbon molecules are converted into higher energy forms. Energy from his conversion comes from ATP and high energy electrons of NADPH |
| Calvin cycle -light I. P. Step C | Six carbon sugars produced. Two of the 12 three carbon molecules are converted into similar three carbon molecules â six carbon. These models are used to form very six carbon sugars other compounds |
| Calvin cycle -light I. P. Step D | Five carbon molecules regenerated. The remaining 10 three carbon molecules are converted back into 6 5 carbon molecules. These Combime with six new CO2 molecules to begin the next cycle |
| Factors affecting photosynthesis â water | Because it is a raw material a shortage can slow or stop process |
| Factors affecting photosynthesis â temperature | Enzymes used in process work best between 0°C and 35°C. Temperatures above or below any range may damage enzymes and slow down process |
| Factors affecting photosynthesis â intensity of light | Increasing intensity also increases the rate of photosynthesis up to a certain point |
| How many calories are released when one gram of glucose in the presence of oxygen is burned | 3811 calories |
| Calorie | Amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water one Celsius degree |
| Define glycolysis | Cells don't burn glucose. Instead they gradually release the energy from glucose and other food component |
| How is glycolysis released | Releases only a small amount of energy. If oxygen is present, glycolysis leads to two other pathways that release a great deal of energy. If oxygen is not present, Glycolyis followed by different pathway |
| In the presence of oxygen , glycolysis is followed by | Kerbs cycle. Electron transport chain. The steps make a process called Cellular respiration |
| Cellular respiration | 6co2 + c6h12o6 --> 6co2 + 6h2o + energy Oxygen plus glucose --> carbon dioxide plus water plus energy |
| Glycolysis | Process in which, "glucose is broken in half. Producing two molecules of pyruvic acid. A three carbon compound |
| Glycolysis-ATP | Even though glycolysis and the energy releasing process of cell needs to put in a little energy to get things going. As process begins â two ATP molecules are used up. When complete for 4 ATP moleculeshave been produced. Resulting in a net gain of two A |
| Glycolysis-NADH | One reaction of glycolysis removes for high energy electrons and pass them onto an electron carrier. Election carrier â NAD plus(nictotinamide adenine dinucleotide). This carrier holdsthe electrons until they can be transferred to other molecules |
| Glycolysis -energy | Although the energy yield from glycolysis is small ,the process is so fast that cells Can produce thousands of ATP molecules and just a few milliseconds. Problem â in a few seconds all the NAD plus are filled with electrons. Result â atp production st |
| Fermentation | Releases energy from food molecules in the absence of oxygen |
| Anaerobic | Does not require oxygen |
| Two main types of fermentation | Alooholic and lactic acid |
| Alcoholic fermentation | Occurs in these two other microorganisms. Forms eagle alcohol and carbon dioxide as waste. Pyruvic acid + NADH --> alcohol+CO2 + NAD+ |
| Lactic acid fermentation | Occurs in your muscles during rapid exercise when the body cannot supply enough oxygen to the tissues. Build up lactic acid in muscles and what causes painful burning sensations and eventually muscle fatigue Pyruvic acid + NADH --> lactic acid + NAD+ |
| At the end of the first step of cellular respiration how much percent of the chemical energy that was available in glucose is unused it is locked in the high energy electrons of pyruvic acid | 90% |
| Kerbs cycle | Pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy extracting reactions |
| What are the two main reactions in the Krebs cycle | Citric acid production and Energy extraction |
| Krebs cycle- citric acid | Pyruvic acid enter the mitochondria. One C bonds with Oto become CO2 and is release. Two remaining Cs used to form acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA is added to a 4-C molecule to form citric acid |
| Krebs cycle- energy extraction | Energy extraction. And stages, the C6 citric acid is converted to a 4C molecule. During this process the following occurs; five pairs of high energy electrons are captured by five carrier molecules(NADH & FADH2) CO2 and ATP produced |
| How many times of the Krebs cycle go around | Twice |
| Electron transport chain- Cellular respiration | Electron transport chain uses high energy electrons from crab cycle to convert ADP it into ATP. Is divided into 3 steps: electron transport, hydrogen ion movement, ATP production |
| Electron transport â electron transport chain â cellular respiration | High energy electrons from NADH and FADAH2 our pass along the chain. Oxygen served as the final electronic acceptor in the chain. |
| Hydrogen ion movement â electron transport chain â cellular respiration | Energy from two high-energy electrons of these routines for hydrogen ions. This eventually results in a slight positive charge inside a membrane in the slight negative charge outside the membrane |
| ATP production â electron transport chain -cellular respiration | Inner membrane contains proteins spears called ATP synthesis. Charge difference between inside and outside causes H plus take skip through these proteins. As H plus escapes it creates part of a protein to spin |
| What happens when the proteins spends in the electron transport chain and ATP production and cellular respiration | This spending create ATP from ADP. On average each pair of high energy electrons produces three ATP molecules |
Created by:
ktbahl