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Chapter 2-Chemical
Chemical Level of Organization
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Structure of an atom | Protons, neutrons & electrons |
| Protons | positively charged particles |
| Neutrons | neutral charged particle |
| Electrons | negatively charged particles, RESPONSIBLE FOR PARTICIPATING IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS |
| Atomic Number | number of protons in the nucleus |
| Mass Number | Protons + neutrons |
| Isotopes | The # of protons is the same, but with different number of neutrons |
| If an atom loses 1 or more electrons, it's ... | postively charged |
| If an electron gains one or more electrons, it's .... | negatively charged |
| If an atom gives up or gains an electron, is called... | an ION |
| atoms are joined by.... | chemical bonds |
| Chemical Bonds | = ENERGY. Atoms of a compound are hel together by forces of attraction |
| 3 types of chemical bonds are... | ionic, covalent and hydrogen |
| Ionic Bonds | * COMPLETELY lose/gain electrons *cations-postively charged, ELECTRON DONORS *anions-negatively charged, ELECTRON ACCEPTORS. Compounds dissolve easily |
| Covalent Bonds | *equally share electrons *can single, double or triple bonded |
| Polar Bonds | UNEQUAL SHARING, one electron attracts the other more strongly |
| Non-polar Bonds | EQUAL SHARING of electrons |
| Water | *most abundant INORGANIC compound, *are POLAR (unequally shared electrons), * |
| ACIDS | *are electron DONORS, *H+ and anion (negative atoms), *produces hydrogen on its own, *releases H+ ions |
| BASES | *are electron ACCEPTORS, *are a group of atoms with hydrogen and oxygen and steal an electron, *NaOH=Na+ + OH |
| pH | *a measure of acidity, *0-6.9999 = acidic, *7-14 = base |
| Buffers | * minimize a pH change via negative-feedback systems |
| Inorganic Compounds | * NO CARBON, * are simple molecules |
| Organic Compounds | * contain CARBON, * ALWAYS have covalent bonds, *are either POLAR or NON-POLAR, * DO NOT DISSOLVE EASILY IN WATER, * useful materials for building structures, * good source of energy EXAMPLES: proteins, carbohydrates and fats |
| Carbohydrates | * contain Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen, *Functions: to provide energy, break down fatty acids, regulates glucose and cell recognition, *provides needed energy for life in humans in the form of glycogen, * builds structures and generates ATP |
| Monosaccharides | *one sugar, * made from a 6-carbon structure ring, * glucose, fructose and galactose are monosaccharides |
| Disaccharides | *any 2 monosaccharides, *ex.-maltose, lactose & sucrose |
| Polysaccharides | *tens to hundreds of monosaccharides, * contain glucose & starch, * stored in the liver & skeltal muscles (reason why you go w/o eating for a long period of time) |
| Lipids | *contain Hydrogen, Oxygen & some carbon, *DO NOT DISSOLVE EASILY IN WATER (non-polar bonds), *fluidity depends on structure of fatty acid chains & temperture |
| Triglycerides, phospholipids & steroids are all..... | *******LIPIDS******* |
| Triglycerides | *most plentiful lipid, * provides protection, insulation & energy, *composed of 1 glycerol head & 3 fatty acid chains, * FUNCTIONS: around heart, kidneys, under skin & long term storage |
| saturated fats | *single covalent bond (single bond between the carbons |
| unsaturated fats | * double bonds, *this is best for humans, *is a liquid such as oil |
| Phospholipids | *are amphipathic (loves/hates water), **contains a charged PHOSPHATE group, * important cell membrane component, *the polar head contains phosphates & acid chain, *polar head LOVES water, acid chain HATES water |
| Steroids | *made from cholesterol, ALL STEROIDS BEGIN WITH CHOLESTEROL, * 4 rings of carbon, * contained in sex hormones, bile salts & CHOLESTEROL |
| Eicosanoids | * MODIFY RESPONSES TO HORMONES, * contribute to inflammatory responses, * is UNSATURATED, *is NOT produced by the body, *function: changes how fluids clot, swelling & ulcers |
| Leukotrienes | *fatty acids, *fat-soluable vitamins such as A, D, E &K |
| Proteins | *from amino acids, *amino acids contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & NITROGEN, * SIDE CHAINS MAKE PROTEINS UNIQUE, Functions: structure to body, regulates processes, provides protection, helps muscles contract & transports substances & ACTS AS AN ENZYME |
| Peptide Bonds | *covalent bond between 2 amino acids, *form structural levels of organization, * amino acids join together in a step-wise fashion w/each covalent carbon-to-nitrogen bond joining amino acids |
| Enzymes | *make something happen faster, * catalysts in living cells, * usually end in -ase, *BREAKS DOWN SUBSTANCES |
| Nucleic Acids | *huge organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen & phosphates, *distinguishes it from all others due to the PHOSPHATES, *DNA-regulates most activity that takes place in cells, *RNA-copies DNA, & relays instructions |
| A T P | *principle ENERGY CURRENCY,Function: muscle contractions, chromosome movement, membrane transport processes, combines things together, cytoplasmic movement, *consists of 3 phosphates attached to an adenosine unit made of adenine & ribose |
| Bonds = | STORED ENERGY |
Created by:
Denice
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