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Genetics Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the total number of chromatids in a grouper cell in G2 | 96 |
| What is the total number of chromosomes in the cell during metaphase I of meiosis | 48 |
| What is the total number of centromeres in a grouper egg? | 24 |
| Refer to Figure 1. Is this cell in: | anaphase of meiosis II |
| A lethal allele can be dominant: | when it is expressed after reproduction |
| Test Cross: Two crosses 1) one with a female homozygous for two linked loci & male heterozygous 2) male homozygous for the same two loci & female heterozygous. How would the estimate of map distance based on recombination frequency differ btwn the two? | the estimate in cross 1 would be about 60% of cross |
| What is the inbreeding coefficient of the individual ’X’. Assume that the male and female at the top of the pedigree are not inbred | 0.0625 |
| What is the coefficient of consanguinity for the parents of individual ’X’. Assume that the male and female at the top of the pedigree are not inbred | 0.0625 |
| What is the inbreeding coefficient of the individual ’X’. Now assume that the male at the top of the pedigree has an inbreeding coefficient of 0.25 | 0.070 |
| Linked genes: | segregate as a single unit |
| Syntenic genes are: | on the same chromosome |
| Genetic distance within a linkage group | e) b, c |
| The following coat colors are known to be determined by alleles at one locus in horses: Palomino = golden coat; Cremello = almost white; Chestnut = brown. The following table gives the ratios obtained in matings of the above varieties: | AA = Chestnut; Aa =Palomino; aa = Cremello |
| Compared to a physical map based on the actual number of nucleotides between genes, a genetic map | measures different things |
| The highest producing strain is 20% oil content; the lowest has close to 0%. A plant of unknown genotype has an oil content of 12%. What is a possible genotype for this plant? (“capital” alleles are additive alleles) | d. aaBbCcDDEE |
| Of the various evolutionary forces, is responsible for the origin of new genetic variation in a species. | mutation |
| When considering the gene pool of a population, HardyWeinberg equilibrium may apply to: | one locus but not necessarily another. |
| Suppose that in a pop the frequency of a particular recessive condition is 1/400. Assume presence of only a dominant allele (A) & a recessive allele (a) in the pop & the population is at HardyWeinberg equilibrium. Whats frequency of the recessive allele? | 0.05 |
| in a pop the frequency of a particular recessive condition is 1/400. Assume the presence of only a dominant allele (A) & a recessive allele (a) in the pop & the population is at HardyWeinberg equilibrium. What is the frequency of heterozygotes? | 0.095 |
| If there is random mating in a population and no evolutionary forces are acting on the population, what will be the expected outcome? | Both the genotype distribution and the allele frequencies will remain the same. |
| ___ increases the frequency of homozygotes in a population compared to the results of random mating | Inbreeding |
| The only way for evolution to take place is if there is ___ within a population | genetic variation |
| Differential reproduction of genotypes leads to evolution via what process? | Natural selection |
| has the effect of homogenizing allele frequencies among populations. | Gene flow |
| refers to the situation where the heterozygote has a lower fitness than both ho- mozygotes (W11 > W12; W22 > W12) | Underdominance |
| ___can cause a single genotype to produce a range of potential phenotypes (a) Epistasis | Environmental effects |
| The figure above represents two distributions that | differ in both mean and variance |
| When ___ is high for a particular trait, offspring tend to resemble their parents for that trait | narrow-sense heritability |
| Which of these sequences could form a hairpin? | GGGGACGTCCCC |
| The genetic code is said to be “degenerate” because | there are more codons than amino acids |
| When this molecule is synthesized, both strands of DNA are used as template | b DNA only |
| This molecule is synthesized using triphosphate nucleotides as a substrate for a polymerase enzyme that forms phosphodiester bonds | c both DNA and RNA |
| This molecule is synthesized using nucleotides containing the bases adenine, gua- nine, cytosine, and uracil | a RNA only |
| The polymerase that synthesizes this molecule uses DNA as a template and syn- thesizes new strands from 5’ to 3’ | c both DNA and RNA |
| a ___ mutation changes a codon that specifies an amino acid into one that termi- nates translation | b. nonsense |
| Which of the following is NOT characteristic of A-form DNA compared to B- or Z-form DNA? | is long and narrow |
| Which of these sequence pairs represent signature(s) of a transposable element? | b and c |
| If a double stranded DNA molecule of 50 base pairs contains 15 cytosine bases (C), how many thymine bases will it have | 35 |
| Transposition can involve exchange of DNA sequences and recombination, which often leads to DNA ____ | rearrangements |
| Frameshift mutations are caused by the ____ or ___ of one or more nucleotides in DNA | deletion; insertion |
| Missense mutations that have neutral effects | a and b |
| For most protein-coding genes, the rate of substitution in _____ is considerably higher than in _____ . | synonymous sites; nonsynonymous sites |
| The centromere is at or very near the end in which type of chromosome? | Acrocentric |
| ___ can cause genes to move from one linkage group to another | Translocations |
| Which form of aneuploidy causes primary Down syndrome? | Trisomy |
| What would be the consequence of a diploid gamete (resulting from meiotic nondis- junction) being fertilized by a haploid gamete from the same species? | Autotriploid |
| A plant species has 2n = 18 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in a tetrasomic individual of this species? | 20 |
| Heat can disrupt hydrogen bonding between DNA strands. Which of the following DNA strands would denature at the lowest temperature? | 90% AT and 10% GC |
| Two chromosomes have the following segments, where * represents the cen- tromere: KLM*NOPQR STUV*WXYZ What type of chromosome mutation would result in the following chromosomes: KLM*NOPQRYZ STUV*WX | Nonreciprocal translocation |
| Transposition can involve exchange of DNA sequences and recombination, which often leads to DNA ____ | rearrangements |
| which of the following base changes in DNA is a example of a transition? | A to G |
| which of the following kinds of mutations is most likely to be null loss of function? | frameshift |
| UV light causes what type of DNA lesion? | pyrimidine dimers |
| a SNP desert refers to? | a footprint of positive selection in a genome. |
| multiple phenotypic traits can result from | all of the above |
| this pedigree exhibits what type of inheritance | x linked recessive |
| which term refers to mating between close relatives? | consanguinity |
| one of the critical pieces of evidence that supposed the chromosome theory of inheritance was the inheritance of knobbed chromosomes in maize. who performed this research? | Creighton and McClintock |
| if there are two alleles, A and a, in a population and the population is in Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium, which frequency of A would produce the greatest frequency of heterozygotes? | .5 |
| chromosomes are unseparated, sister chromatid form, at the end of the phases? | 1.meiosis I anaphase 2.meiosis I prophase 4.Meiosis II anaphase 6.mitosos prophase |
| the first stage after which a dividing cell that started as a diploid would become haploid? | 1. Meiosis I anaphase |
| Sister chromatids separate during | 3. Meiosis II anaphase 5.Mitosis anaphase |
| Chromosomes assort independently in _____ resulting in recombination | 1. Meiosis I anaphase |
| Crossing over (genetic recombination) occurs in: | 2. Meiosis I prophase |
| The total mass of DNA present in a cell at the end of meiosis is ___ as much as the cell at the start | 1/4 |
| This pair of scientists had a long debate about the nature of dominance | Fisher and Wright |
| Imagine the following situation: You cross a female Snapdragon with Pink flowers to a male with red flowers. You also know that the locus encoding flower color exhibits incomplete dominance in this species. The offspring of this cross will be: | 50% red and 50% pink |
| What are the gametes and their proportions produced by the male? | SD,bw 0.05; SD+,bw 0.45; SD,+ 0.05; SD+,+ 0.45 |
| Which of the offspring genotype distributions and proportions below are correct | 3 |
| What are the proportion of brown-eyed individuals in the progeny | 0.25 |
Created by:
KatieShanks