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Sociology Test 4
Society
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sociological view of deviance | Locate deviance in the act. Typically focus on deviant behavior (deviance). |
| Functionalist Theories | Anomie Merton’s Deviance Typology |
| Anomie | A concept first brought into wide usage in sociology by Durkheim, referring to a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior. |
| Durkheim | theorists who thought quite a bit about deviance. He thought some amount was normal and necessary to all societies. |
| Merton’s Deviance Typology | five potential reactions to this mismatch between ideal and reality: the conformist, the retreatist, the ritualist, the innovator, and the rebel. |
| Sub-cultural explanations | subcultural groups that adopt norms that encourage or reward criminal behavior. An example is gangs |
| Reinforment theories | Behavior is learned, and deviant behavior is no exception. We all learn, sometimes from a very early age, which behaviors will be rewarded, which punished, and which merely tolerated. |
| Differential association | An interpretation of the development of criminal behavior proposed by Edwin H. Sutherland, according to whom criminal behavior is learned through association with others who regularly engage in crime. |
| Control theory | A theory that views crime as the outcome of an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and controls that deter it. Control theorists hold that criminals are rational beings who will act to maximize their own reward unless they render unable. |
| Conflict theory | Argument that deviance is deliberately chosen and often political in nature. |
| New criminology | A branch of criminological thought that regarded deviance as deliberately chosen and often political in nature. The new criminologists argued that crime and deviance could be understood only in the context of power and inequality within society. |
| Symbolic interactionist Approaches | Labeling theory Primary deviance Secondary deviance |
| Labeling theory | An approach to the study of deviance that suggests that people become "deviant' because certain labels are attached to their behavior by political authorities and others. |
| Primary deviance | According to Edwin Lemert, the actions that cause others to label one as a deviant. |
| Secondary deviance | According to Edwin Lemert, following the act of primary deviance, secondary deviation occurs when an individual accepts the label of deviant and acts accordingly. |
| Uniform crime reports | Documents that contain official data on crime that is reported to law enforcement agencies that then provide the data to the FBI. |
| Crime rates | data from 1985 to 2012 illustrates the decline of crime rates throughout the 1990s then relative stabilization thereafter. |
| Gender and crime | Men are more likely to be both perpetrators and victims of crime and to be incarcerated. Ties to children and others may prevent women from engaging in deviant acts. |
| Male and female crime rates | 93% of males are in jail 7% of females are in jail. Mostly men commit crimes and females rather don't get caught or they do and are in jail for public order offenses |
| Youth and crimes | Of people arrested in 2011, 30 percent were aged 21 and under. statistics indicate that, indeed, young people are charged with a dramatically disproportionate amount of crime. |
| Crimes of the powerful | White-collar crime Corporate crime |
| White-collar crime | Criminal activities carried out by those in white collar, or professional jobs. |
| Corporate crime | Offenses committed by large corporations in society, including pollution, false advertising, and violations of health and safety regulations. |
| Drug trafficking | Moving and selling drugs illegally across borders. |
| Organized crime | Criminal activities carried out by organizations established as businesses. |
| Prison population | 37.8 % black people 33.6% white 22.8% hispanic 47.7 violent offenders 21.7 drug offenders 16.7 property offenders 13.4 public order offenders |
| The mark of a criminal record | Once you go to jail for anything, it is hard to get a job or become a part of society again. |
| Policing | A way to detect and manage risks of crimes |
| Crime and community | Even a small act of crime, disorder, and vandalism can threaten a neighborhood and render it unsafe. |
| Community policing | A renewed emphasis on crime prevention rather than law enforcement to reintegrate policing within the community. |
| Target hardening | Practical measures used to limit a criminal's ability to commit crime, such as community policing and use of house alarms. |
| Shaming | A way of punishing criminal and deviant behavior based on rituals of public disapproval rather than incarceration. The goal of shaming is to maintain the ties of the offender to the community. |
| Costs of crime | Imprisonment costs almost $29,000 per year per inmate |
| Functions of deviance | Recognizing what is deviant helps us know what is considered right or wrong in our culture. For individuals, punishments are not only to sanction the guilty but also to warn potential offenders. |
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