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GAMSAT
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pre replication a chromosome is a | chromatid |
| What is oxidation and reduction | Oxidation - loss of electrons, hydrogen, increase in oxidation number Reduction - gain of electrons, hydrogen, decrease in oxidation number |
| Oxidation number of an element is | zero e.g. 0 or 02 |
| The oxidation number of monoatomic ions is equal to | the charge of the ion |
| In chromatography the more soluble the thing is in th esolvent | the less attractive it is to the paper, the higher it moves up |
| To increase melting point you would | Decrase number of double bonds, to make it pack closer together |
| When trying to match formulas to structures what should you look for | Look where certain bonds are supposed to occur (what carbon). How many carbons there should be |
| strong versus weak acid | strong - dissociates completely weak |
| Oxidation number of H | +1 |
| Oxidation number of 0 | -2 |
| Oxidation of + 1 and + 2 metals | + 1 and + 2 |
| Oxidation o of carbon | Between +3 and -3 |
| How can you tell which is the major contributor to resonance structure | Least amount of formal charge, charge on correct molecule (most electronegative should have negative charge, not positive charge, full octet |
| the rate constant k is specific to what and what increases it | specific to a reaction and increases with temperature |
| What is a zero rate order reaction | Rate of reaction is independent of the concentration of reactant A and there has a constant reaction rate. Rate reaction can just be expressed as k |
| What is a first rate order | Where the rate of the reaction is directly proportional to the concetration of the reactant. |
| What is a second rate order ? | The rate is proportional to the square of the reactant concentration |
| How do you determine the rate order from an experiment | See which species is changing. If the species doubles and the rate doubles, the rate order is 1. If the species doubles and the rate increases by 4 the rate order is 2. If it triples, the rate order should increase by a factor of 3 |
| What is an alkene | unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules - c double bond |
| What is an alkyl group | Cn+H2n+/-1. E.g. methyl . Carbon minus a hydrogen |
| What is a quaternary structure in terms of carbons | Structure that is bonded to 4 carbons |
| What is the difference between a scalar and a vector | Scalar - have magnitude only. E.g. distance, speed, time, temperature, mass, area vol, energy. Vector = Magnitude plus direction e..g displacement, velocity, acceleration, force |
| How do you find the cos angle? | Adj/hyp |
| How do you find the sin angle? | Opp /hyp |
| How do you find the tan angle | sin angle/cos angle = opp/adj |
| What is pythagorean's theorem | a2 = b2 + c2 |
| Draw the two triangles to determine the standard values of trigonometric functions | sdfsdf |
| How do you calculate instantaneous velocity? | Slope of the graph of the displacement of that system vs time at that time |
| What does speed and velocity measure | Speed is the rate of change of distance with respect to time Velocity meausures rate of change of displacement with respect to time |
| What is acceleration (equation and definition. Does it have a direction and magnitude? | The rate of change of velocity with respect to time. A = v/t. Yes! |
| How do you calculate average acceleration and instaneous acceleration | Av = v'-v/change in time Instaneous - calculate the slope of a velocity vs time graph |
| How do you determine displacement from a graph? | The area under the graph. So count squares or if rectangle base * height, triangle is 1/2b * H, |
| WHat is the translational motion equation | X = Xo + Vot + 1/2at^2 Xo and V0 = initial displacement and velocity |
| What are the two equations for final velocity | V = vo + at V^2 = vo^2 + 2ax |
| What is velocity | distance/time |
| How do you divide two fractions? | Flip the numerator of the second one and times both of them |
| Is force a scalar or a vector? | A vector (push or pull). Changes velocity |
| What is mass. Is it scalar or a vector. What units does it have? | Measure of its inertia. Capacity of that object to remain motionless or to move with a constant velocity if the sum of the forces acting upon it is zero. Scalar, measured in kilograms |
| What is weight. Is it a scalar or vector> | A force. Vector, measured in newtons and pounds |
| What is the equation for weight | w = m*g |
| Wha is Newton's first law? | states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force. |
| WHat is newton's second law (plus equation) | If there is a net force, the object must accelerate. F=m*a |
| What is Newton's third law | For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction |
| What is the law of gravitation? | There is a force of attraction existing between any two bodies of masses. the force is proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. F = g(m1m2/r^2) |
| What can be used instead of a for free fall motion? (equation) | g!. x = Xo + Vot + 1/2gt^2 |
| What is projectile motion and what two motions is it comprised of | Motion of an object fired or launched at some angle from the horizontal. Vertical (free fall), dependent on g and horizontal (independent of g). |
| When is the centre of gravity high and low | High when in an unstable position, low in a stable position |
| How many feet are in a metre | 3 |
| What is gravity on earth | 9.8m/s^2 |
| A cannon is angled to the horizon such that, in the absence of gravity, its shells travel 4 feet horizontally for every 3 feet vertically. its speed on leaving the muzzle is 500 m/s. How far does the shell travel before hitting the ground | Draw a triangle to find out the hypotenuse. The ratio is 3:4:5. Find time in the air. Times 3/5 *500m/s to find out time at maximum height. Times 30 seconds times 2 to find time in air. Times that by 4/5 500m/s to find out how far it travels |
| What unit is N/kg | Force = mass * acceleration. Mass = kg * m/s^2. therefore it is just m/s^2 |
| What are the units for G in the law of gravitation (. F = g(m1m2/r^2)) | M-1L3tT-2 |
| An object is launched at 45 degrees from the horizontal. Neglecting air resistance, the final horizontal velocity would be equal to: | Initial velocity, |
| Ignoring air resistance, the horizontal component of a projectile's acceleration: | zero |
| 16) A ball is shot from a canon vertically with an initial velocity of 45 m/s. If gravity pulls the ball at a constant rate of -10 m/s2, how long will it take for the ball to come back to its initial position? | V = vo + at -45 m/s = 45 m/s + (-10 m/s2)t -90 m/s = (-10 m/s2)t 9 s = t. |
| What is the circumference and area of a circle | Circ = 2pir Area = pir^2 |
| What force does friction oppose | Motion |
| Is the force required to keep an object moving higher or lower than overcoming inertial | lower! Static is higher than kinetic friction |
| What is acceleration (units), What is frictional force (units) | m/s^2. Kg*m/s^2 |
| The force normal always acts | perpendicular to the incline |
| weight always acts | straight down |
| At constant speed centripetal acceleration and force are directed ----- and velocity is | towards the centre of the circle. Tangential to the circle |
| Tripetal force (newton's second law of gravity) (circle) | F = mass * Acceleration of a circle = mass* velocity^2/radius |
| What is a torque | Effective force causing rotation around an axis. It is a turning force |
| What happens to the turning force (torque) if you increase the distance from the pivot point | It increases |
| Is a counterclockwise torque negative or positive | Positive |
| Is a clockwise torque negative or positive | negative |
| When is an object in rotational equillibrium | When the net forces (clockwise and anti-clockwise_ are zero. Therefore the object is motionless or moving at a constant velocity due to its inertnal inertia |
| What is momentum | Vector quantity. M = m*v |
| What is impulse | The change of momentum of the object. Force times the time applied to change momentum |
| What are the two types of collisions | Elastic - conservation of momentum and conservation of kinetic energy Inelastic - conservation of momentum but not conservation of kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is lost as heat or sound . Objects get stuck |
| How do you find out the maximum height of a projectile (formula) | V2 = Vi + 2gy y = you solve for V2 = 0 Vi = velocity * sinangle g = -10m/s |
| How do you find out time it takes for a projectile to land | V = Vi + gt Solve for g. Vi = velocity * sinangle. -10. Then answer is 2 times T |
| Kinetic energy equation | 1/2MV^2 |
| How do you find the total momentum | Add individual squared momentums together. Then square root the entire thing. Momentum = mass * velocity |
| Two disks (A & B) of equal mass are propelled at equal velocities (V) towards one collision. If they meet in an inelastic collision, what should be the result? | C) The two disks come to a complete halt at their point of impact. |
| How do you find the maximum height of projectile (forumula) | V2 (=0) = vi^2 + 2gy. Gravity is -10. Solve for y. Vi = |
| What is mnemonic to remember how many bonds common atoms need to for neutrality | HONC - Hydrogen needs 1, oxygen needs 2, nitrogen needs three, carbon needs 4 |
| What is the angle of a tetrahedral, triangular and linear bond | Tetra - 109.5. Triangular - 120 Linear - 180 |
| What is a sigma and a pi bond | Sigma - strongest type of covalent bonds. Overlapping of orbitals. Pi - bonds between two lobes |
| How many sigma and pi bonds in a triple, double and single bond | Triple - one sigma, two pi Double - one sigma, one pi Single - one sigma |
| How can you tell whether a molecule will have a non-zero dipole movement | If the charge seperation is not symmetric |
| The length of a bond decreases with | multiple bonds |
| what is heat of combustion | total energy released |
| The more bonds the more | energy is released |
| If they don;t show the hydrogens attached to a carbon are they still there | yes! |
| How does delocalisation affect stability? | The greater the delocalisation of electrons (pi bonds spread over a wide area), the greater the stability |
| What is an isomer? | Two different molecules with the same number and type of atoms (same molecular formula) |
| What are structural isomers | Structural isomers have different bonding patterns |
| What are functional isomers | Structural isomers that have the same molecular formula but have different functional groups or moieties |
| What are positional or regiosomers | Structural isomers wehre the functional group changes position on the parent structure |
| What are spatial isomers | Differ in the way their atoms are arranged in space |
| Why are trans isomers more stable | Substituents are further apart, thus electron repulsion isminimised |
| How can you tell if something has chirality | It doesn't contain a plane of symmetry |
| what is a chiral carbon | has 4 different substituents |
| What is a meso compound | Has two chiral centres that have the same four subunits. So they have symmetry and therefore are achiral |
| How can you guarantee that a molecule has zero dipole movement | The same atoms lie opposite each other (cancel each other out) |
| How can you tell if two molecules are the same compound | Bond in same place and same number of molecules |
| which is the most stable configuration | staggered |
| if you can't tell whether a molecule has symmetry, how can you tell if is chiral or not | C has to be bonded to 4 different substituents (so no double bonds) |
| how do a pair of enantiomers differ? | same physical and chemical properties, just different optical rotation |
| How many bonds does P and S tend to make | S = 2, P = 5 |
| How can you tell whether a molecule is a structural isomer, Enantiomers, conformer, or Diastereoisomers. Part 1 | Do they have identical molecular formula but structure is different? If so they are isomers. Is the bond arrangment different - structural isomers. If bond arrangment is identical but mirror image - e. If structures can be made same by rotation - c. |
| How can you tell whether a molecule is a structural isomer, Enantiomers, conformer, or Diastereoisomers. Part 2 | If not mirror image - d |
| Enantiomers are: | molecules that have a non-superimposable non-mirror image. |
| what must Enantiomers have | chirality |
| What is important to keep in mind when finding an enantiomer of a molecule | conformers are included |
| what is the and z formation | Double bond. highest priority groups are on the same side of the double bond (zame zide: Z). Opposite - E |
| how many stereoisomers can a molecule have | 2^n, where n is the number of stereocentres (chiral carbons) |
| What are van der waals forces | Intermolecular forces including london dispersion forces and dipole-dipole forces |
| How can you tell which will molecule will have the largest heat of combustion | More bonds or least stable conformation |
| Which will ahve the most stable comformation of cycloalkenes | cyclohexene in a chair conformation (things lie equatorial) |
| How do you find the parent chain? | longest continuous chain including double or triple bonds |
| How can you tell if something is a resonant structure | The placement of pi or non-bonding electros change. Atoms do not change, create new bonds |
| what are electrophiles and nucleophiles | E - positively charged or neutral species attracted to electrons N - donate electrons to electrophiles |
| when is carbocation most stable (primary, secondary, or tertiary carbon) | when it is next to a tertiary, then secondary then primary |
| Do electrophiles or nucleophiles bond with the most or least substituted | Nucleophiles - most electrophiles - least |
| Which is more acidic a ring with or without a double bond | with |
| what is pka | log of the acid dissociation constant. Lower the pka, the stronger the acid |
| Acidity increases with | Electronegativey and radius |
| How are peripheral and integral membranes bound (type of bond) | electrostatic!! Van der waal too weak, covalent too strong |
| A bonds with... G bonds witb | A and T, G and C |
| if a eukaryotic cell containing 4 chromosomes undergoes mitosis how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have | 4 (two daughter cells) |
| if a eukaryotic cell containing 4 chromosomes undergoes meoisis how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have | 2 (four daughter cells) |
| what does the golgi apparatus do | Packages proteins and exports them |
| What does the endoplasmic reticulum do | Protein synthesis |
| What is interphase and what cell cycle phase does it consist of | Normal phase. G2, S (replication) and G2 |
| What is prophase | chromosomes condense, mitotic spindle starts to form, |
| What is prometaphase | nuclear envelope degrades |
| what do the pulmonary veins do | Take oxygenated blood from lungsmand deliver it to heart |
| what does the pulmonary artery dp | Take deoxygenated blood from heart and deliver it to the lungs |
| what does the aorta do? | Takes oxygenated blood from heart and delivers it to tissues |
| what is the general journey of hte blood through the heart | Deox blood enters right atrium via superior and inferior vena cava. Travel to right ventricle, to pulmonary artery to lungs. Enter left a via pulmonary veins and into v and leave through aorta |
| What is the composition of the blood | 55% plasma (mostly water and plasma proteins such as albumin, fibrinogen, globilns) and then 45% red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells, calcium ions |
| What is the composition of the lymph | intersitial fluid |
| What is the purpose of lymphnodes | Contain lymphocytes and macrophages (immune system) |
| where are RBS produced and destroyed | Produced in bone marrow, production controlled by erythropoitin (kidneys). The spleen destroys them |
| What is a covalent bond | Sharing of electrons between two non-metals |
| What are bases made up of | Nitrogen, Carbon (no sulfur). Connected to a phophate and sugar group to form DNA |
| How do you name an alcohol | Suffix = ol Give the carbon with the OH group the lowest number (longest chain parent group) |
| The acidity of an alcohol decreases with | Increasing number of attached carbons |
| Do alcohols have a higher or lower boiling point and solubility than alkanes, alkenes, aldehydes, ketones and alky halides | Higher because of polarity and hydrogen bonding of alacohol |
| Why is an alcohol molecule less acidic if you add an electron donating group such as CH3 than an alcohol molecule with an electron withdrawing group such | Acids donate protons, so the more stable the conjugate base the stronger the acid. The withdrawing group spreads out the neg charge and stabilising the molecule if a H+ is removed |
| What rate order is an sn1 and sn2 reaction (alcohol) | sn1 = first order sn2 = second order |
| Can alcohols react with both weak and strong acids | Only strong, as they are weak bases |
| In sn2 reactions, what determines the rate | Steric hindrance. Molecules with less bulky side groups near the reactive part, react faster |
| What is work and therefore what are its units | Force on an object and distance travelled. There W = N *m = Joules |
| is energy scalar or vector | scalar |
| What is kinetic energy | Energy of motion which can produce work. Proportional to mass * velocity. = 1/2m * v^2 |
| What is potential energy derived from the universal attraction force | Ep = G* m1*m2/r |
| What is the potential energy derived from gravitational force | Ep =mgh |
| Wht is the potential energy derived from an elastic force | Ep = kx^2/2 K = spring constant x = displacement |
| What is mechanical energy | ET = Ek + Ep (kinetic + potential energy) |
| What is power | The rate of doing work. P = F*v. Units = W = J/s Average poewr = Watts/change in time |
| Which of the following quantities is scalar and always positive or zreo? Linear momentum, angular momentum, work , kinetic energy | Kinetic energy! It is not vector and can never be negative (mass cannot be negative plus everything is squared) |
| An object with mass m is launched horizontally from a cliff with a velocity of vo from a height h. What is the kinetic energy of the object before it hits the ground? | Mechanical energy so mgh (potential)+ 1/2m*v^2 (kinetic energy). Mechanical energy doesn't change, kinetic and potential energy change |
| If you lift a 10 kg box 1 meter in 2 seconds, then your friend does the same thing but it takes 6 seconds, is more or less work being done on the box | The same amount of work! Work = force*distance, nothing to do with velocity |
| Pressure units | Force/ area |
| Give pressure but with the denominator in volume | Force/area = pressure Force*distance = area * distance Work/volume Energy/volume |
| The elastic string attached to 2m string.. During the motion of the mass, it passes a point where the string is at a length of 2 m. What is the value of the elastic potential energy at 2 m? | 0 joules because the string is at its equillibrium position |
| sin 30 = | 1/2 |
| cos 60 | 1/2 |
| tan 45 | 1 |
| 14) For each push-up, her center of mass rises 24 cm. What is her useful power output if she does 25 push-ups in one minute? She weighs 50kg, gravity is 10 | mgh = 120J P = W/T W = J/s W = 120/60 W = 2 per push up therefore 50W for 25 pushups |
| Can you have negative work? | Yes! Drag and friction are negative work |
| A student pushed a 10 kg box to the top of a 5-m lonramp inclined at 30o with the horizon. The student weighed 668 N, pushed with a 50-N force the ramp, and took 2 minutes to reach the top of the ramp. What is the work done by the 50-N force? | Ep = mgh Distance travelled 5m. Vertical distance travelled is 5* sin30 = 2.5m Ep = 10k*10*2.5 = 250J |
| A 75 kg object is dropped from a 40 meter cliff. While the object is falling, the air exerts a frictional force of 50 N on the object. What is t he work done on the object by the drag force? | -Work = Force * distance 50* 40 = -2000J |
| A student pushed a box of 10 kg mass to the top of a 5-m long ramp inclined at 30o to the horizon. The student weighed 668 N, pushed with a 50-N force parallel to the ramp, What is the velocity of the box at impact | conservation of energy! mgh = 1/2mV^2 250 = 5v^2 50 = v^2 7 m/s = v |
| A future Olympian, who is learning how to skate, runs into a wall at a speed of 7 m/s. If she weighs 52 kg, how much work does the wall do to stop her? | Equal to her kinetic energy. 1/2m* v2 = 1274 |
| A mass of 0.5 kg is attached to a vertically oriented spring with a force constant of 10 N m-1. By approximately how much is the spring stretched? (g = 10 m s-2) | Hookes law!, where force is the mass * gravity = 0.5*9.8 = approximately 5=10x x = 0.5 |
| What is the equation for density | Ratio of its mass to volume. Mass/volume |
| What is the density of water | 1g/ml = 1g/cm^3 = 10^3.m^3 |
| What are the units of pressure and how are they equivalent to N | 1 Pa = 1N/m^2 = 1kgm^-1* s^-2 |
| What is the equation for change in pressure | Pressure = F/A P = mg/A (mg/A)/(h/h) mgh/v density*g*H change in pressure = density*gravity*change in depth |
| In a fluid confined by solid boundaries the pressure acts what to the boundary | perpendicular |
| At any particular depth, the pressure of the fluid is the what in all directions | same |
| Does the size and shape of the container affect the pressure | No it does not if the containers are he same height and the fluid density are the same |
| What is Pascal's principle | F1/A1 = F2/A2 |
| An object which is completely or partially submerged in a fluid experiences an upward force equal to the weight of the | fluid displaced |
| If the specific gravity is 0.9 then what percentage of the object should be submerged | 90% |
| Atmospheric pressure decreases with | elevation |
| the greater the viscosity the | Greater the transfer of momentum between layers and loss of mechanical energy, thus the loss of velocity |
| What is gauge pressure | Total pressure minus atmospheric pressure |
| can you compress a liquid | Yes but it is very difficult to do so. Hence why the densiites of liquids rarely change |
| Which will induce greater pressure a piston with a smaller or greater surface area | P = F/A therefore the smaller the area, the greater the pressure |
| h = (F/A)/(v/d) h = visocity co-efficient. F - velocity f. V - velocity, D = distan The cgs system is the centimetre–gram–second system of units. The cgs unit for viscosity is "poise" and for force is the "dyne." Which of the following is correct? | Poise = (F/A)/(v/d) Poise = dyne*d/A*v Poise = dyne *cm/cm^2*cm/s Poise = dyne*s/cm2 |
| If an ideal fluid flows into one end of a pipe with a cross sectional area of 0.5 m at a rate of 5 m/s, at what rate will the fluid flow out of the other end if its cross sectional area is 2 m | A1V1=A2V2 0.5*5 = 2*x 2.5/2 = x 1.25 = x |
| Why do water droplets tend to form spheres | To reduce surface area to volume, therefore to reduce surface tension |
| What is the difference between adhesion and cohesion. Does water have a lot of cohesion or adhesion | Adhesion - attraction between unlike molecules cohesion - attraction between like molecules. Water has a lot of cohesion due to h bonds, doens't stick to skin very well |
| What are carboxylic acids | COOH |
| Do weak or strong acids have the least stable/strongest conjugate base | Weak acids have the least stable /strongest conjugate bases. So they have lots of electron donating groups |
| acetic acid has a pka of 5 in water. In hexene will its pka be larger or smaller | In water, acetic acid is stablised due to solvation (hydrogen bonding spreads out charge) so it has a low pka. In hexane, acetic acid is less stabilsed so it has a pka larger than 5 |
| How do you name aldehydes | R-CH=O end with al. Parent chain must contain CHO and the CHO group must occupy the terminal c1 position. |
| Which has stronger inductive effects, withdrawing groups or benzene rings? | Withdrawing groups |
| How do you name ketones | R-CR=O. Try to give the =O the lowest possible number |
| Where do nucleophiles and electrophiles attack aldehydes and ketones | Nucleophiles attack the positive carbon and electrophiles attack the negative oxygen (double bond) |
| What is the alpha carbon in aldehydes and ketones. Is an alpha next to one or two carbonyl groups more acidic | hydrogen attached to the carbon next to the carbonyl (c=o) group. Next to two is more acidic |
| Which oxidise more readily and undergo nucleophillic additions easier and why? Aldehydes or ketones? | Aldehydes due to steric hindrance |
| What is an ester | R0-C=O |
| what is an ether | C-O-C |
| what is an acetal | two aldehydes together -RO-CH-OR |
| How do you calculate formal charge of an atom in a molecule | # of valence electrons - (# non bonding electrons (no. of dots ) + # of bonding electrons/2 (one line correlates to two electrons) |
| Oxidation of primary alcohols give what | aldehydes |
| What is a halide and how do you name it | X-RC=O X = Cl, Br, I, F. Carboxylic acid derivative - replice ic acid with yl halide |
| What is an acid anhydride | =o-C-o-C=o acid is replaced with anhyrdride |
| Which has a higher boiling point? A molecule with OH or with OMe side group | OH as it can participate in hydrogen bonding, which is far stronger than intramolecular bonds such as van der waals forces. |
| Acid + alcohol = | ester + water |
| Which is the strongest acid? Esters, alkanes, alcohols or carboxylic acids | Carboxylic acids |
| When you are analysing the reactivity of a carboxylic acid/derivative you should look for | Electronegativity. The greater the electronegativity difference, the more reactive the molecule is |
| Newtons is equal to | kg*M/s^2 |
| How can you tell which molecule is more acidic (3 ways) | Resonance - having double bonds increases resonance, increases stability of conjugate base Withdrawing groups - more electronegative the more acidic. The closer the withdrawing group is to the leaving H, the more acidic sp>sp2>sp3 most + formal charge |
| which type of bond does sp, sp2 and sp3 correlate to? | sp = triple sp2 = double sp 3 = single |
| definition of ephemeral | lasts for a ver long time |
| How do you do a dihibyrid cross | So for each genotype there should be four options e.g. for AABb (Ab, AB Ab AB) |
| Describe the boiling point, polarity, hydrogen bonding ability and solubility of ethers | Low boiling point (especially compared to alcohol More polar than other hydrocarbons Cannot really form hydrogen bonds (only slightly soluble in water) Consequently good solvents |
| What are phenols | OH attched to a benzene ring |
| Which is more acidic and why, alcohols or phenols | Phenols! Because they have an electron withdrawing group and resonance stabilisation from aromatic ring |
| When oxygen is bonded once, twice and thrice it is | Once - neg Twice = neutral Three times = positive |
| Which is more electronegative F or NO2 | NO2 |
| Which is more electron donating H or CH3 | CH3 |
| Describe the bonding of amines and what happens when it is bonded to three different substituents | N is sp3 hybridised. With three different substituents (and one lone pair) it has a tetrahedral geometry and is considered chiral. |
| Why are tertiary amines more stable than secondary amines? | Has more electon donating effects. Consequently amines are good bases and nucleophiles (can accept a proton) |
| Which atoms can particpate in hydrogen bonds | Electronegative ones such as N, F, O |
| How many valence electrons does nitrogen have | 5 |
| Usually higher molecular weight molecules have | higher boiling points |
| What must hydrogen bond donors and acceptors have | D and A must have a H attached to an electronegative atom. A must also have lone pairs |
| If N is bonded once, twice, thrice and four times it is | Once = -2 Twice -1 Three = neutral 4 times - +1 |
| Which is more electronegative? O or N, therefore which is more acidic | O! Therefore more acidic |
| If you change the posiition of double bonds in a benzene structure, other single bonds in the structure must become (determining resonance structure) | positive or negative. |
| What is a nucleophillic attack | Electron rich molecule attacks an electron poor molecule |
| What is an electrophilic substitution reaction | Electrophile replaces a hydrogen |
| Define wavelength | 1. Distance between crest to crest/valley to valley of a transverse wave 2. Distance from one rarfraction (or condensation) to another 3. Distance between two particles with the same displacement and direction of d |
| What are rarefractions and condensations | Condensations are regions of crowding particles in a longitudinal wave, while rarefractions are regions where particles are far apart |
| Are soundwaves longitudinal or transverse | longitudinal |
| What is the amplitude of a wave | Maximum displacement of a particle from its equilibrium point (crest to valley) |
| What is the intensity of a wave (equation) | square root of the amplitude |
| What is the frequency of a wave (units as well) | number of cycles per unit of time. per second = hertz. s^-1 = HZ |
| What is the period of a wave + equation | (T) = duration of one cycle. It is the inverse of frequency |
| What is the velocity of a wave (+ equation) | The velocity of the propagation of the disturbance that forms the wave throuh the medium. V = wavelength * frequency |
| What is resonance (waves). What happens to energy and power during resonance | When force vibrations cause an object to vibrate at one of its natural frequencies, the body will vibrate at maximal amplitude. Energy and power are equal to amp squared, so they will also be at their maximum |
| energy and power are equal to (wave) | amplitude squared |
| what is destructive and instructive interference (waves) | Two waves crests meet in the same medium - amp increases - constructive A crest and trough of two waves meet in the same medium - amp decreases/cancels out - destructive |
| What are nodes (waves) | Where there is no particle displacement (at equillibrium). Occur at fixed end points. |
| What is hooke's law? Equation and when does it occur | Particles undergoing displacement when a wave passes through medium. Motion is called simple harmonic motion. F= -kx. X = displacement, k = spring constant |
| What is work in terms of hooks law | W=1/2kx^2 = potential energy of a spring |
| WHat direction are force and acceleration in during simple harmonic motion (hooke's law). Where is the maximal value for force and acceleration | Both are in same direction, opposite to displacement. At A+ and A-, they are zero at equillibrium. |
| When is velocity at its maximum and when is it zero during simple harmonic motion (hooke's law) | Maximum at equilibrium and zero at A- and A |
| What is the relationship between frequency and period T in terms of hookes law | F = 1/T |
| Can light be seen and can sound be heard in a vaccum. | Light is electromagentic wave so it doesn't need particles, so it can be seen. Sound is a mechanical wavelength, so it requires particles, so it cannot be heard in space |
| What is a vacuum? | Space devoid of particles |
| For a particle undergoing simple harmonic motion, its amplitude is directly proportional to which of the following? A) Minimum energy B) Maximum velocity C) Frequency D) Mass | Maximum velocity! Increased amp means increased energy, which means increased kinetic energy, increased velocity. Or the larger the amp, larger the displacement for the same time. Therefore increased velocity |
| What is the isoelectric point? | when the charge is equal to zero |
| What is the approximate frequency of a pendulum whose rod length is 10 m? You are provided with this equation T (period)= 2 π (l/g) ^1/2 | T = 2π (10/10) ^1/2 T = 2π T = 1/f 1/2 n herz = f |
| Accurately descirbe the velocity of the pendulum bob as it moves from small angle of displacement to the lowest point of its arc? | It increases as it's potential energy at the lowest point of its arc is converted to kinetic energy. Increase in kinetic energy results increase in velocity due to equation. Ek = 1/2m*v^2 |
| If a pendulum bob is replaced with one that weighs 2 times as much, how will this affect its period? | Period is not affected. Mass is independent |
| Describes the periodic motion of a pendulum system? What is it proportional to? | Hookes law! F = -kx, where x is displacement. So the force is proportional to its arc length by which it is displaced from its equillibrium |
| pi is equal to what degrees | 180 |
| What happens when primary alcohol reacts with a oxidising agent such as Cro3 | Converted to an aldehyde |
| How do you solve an NMR problem | The number of seperate spectra are the number of different types of hydrogen. If there are three spectra, one has three peaks, the next has two peaks, the next has two peaks you are looking for a molecule with Ch3, ch2 and ch3 |
| Is electromagnetic radiation ionizing radiation | no! Light is not enough to cause DNA damage and liberate elctorns |
| What approximate frequency do the carbonyl groups (C=O), amine and alcohol groups vibrate at | Carbonyl = 1700 Amine - 3300 2500 Alcohol - 3200-3650 |
| What is distillation | Seperation via boiling points |
| is a ch bond polar or apoloar | essentially apolar |
| which has the fastest reaction rate out of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols in sn1 reactions | Tertiary>secondary>primary |
| Is COOHCh3 a carboxylic acid | no! |
| What is the isoelectric point equation | pl= (pka1 + pKa2)/2 |
| Naturally occurring carbohydrates are nearly all what configuration, while naturally occurring amino acids are nearly all what configuration | D and L configurations |
| What is the D and L configuration | CORN (C-OH, R, H2n) If clockwise around chiral carbon it is D, if counter clockwise it is L |
| What are the major bonds responsible for for primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary protein structure | Amide bonds (peptide bonds), hydrogen bonding, covalent (sulfide bridges) and non covalent, electrostatic, hydrophillic Non-covalent like hydrophobic |
| What is the difference between an epimer and a diastereomer | Epimer - one stereo-centre is different Diastereomer - two stereo-centres are different |
| How can you tell whether a molecule will be optically active or inactive | If a molecule cannot be superimposed on its mirror image, it will be active (chiral) |
| Do sugars have carboxyl groups? | No carboxyl groups must be converted to oh |
| If OH is on the left in the fischer projection, is it down or up in the hawthorne projection | up! |
| What is the difference between a haemacetal and a ketal/cetal. Which one can open up to release CHO | Oh on c1 is replaced by CH3. ONly haemacetal |
| How can you tell whether a molecule is a steroid or not | Steroid has four fused rings |
| If something has a stereo-centre it is | chiral |
| How can you quickly identify whether a steroid molecule has stereoisomers | Look for symmetry. If there is symmetry, the molecule is not chiral, therefore no stereoisomers If there are lots of double and triple bond it is achiral as well |
| How can you tell which would have the largest gradient in a lineweaver burke plot | gradient = km/vmax |
| What is the alpha carbon in a protein | The carbon adjacent to the carbonyl group |
| as ph approaches pka what happens to the amount of uncharged form | there is more of it |
| WHat is a common reaction that p450s perform on amino acid | amide dealkylation |
| Is there sound in a vacuum | No, because there is no matter in a vacuum |
| In which medium is the velocity of sound the highest in? Solid, liquid or gas | Solids, then liquids then gases. Inversely proportional to the intertia of particles |
| Is loudness, pitch and quality sensory or phsyical | Sensory |
| Is intensity, frequency and waveform physical or sensory | Physical |
| What is sound intensity | I = power/area I = frequency^2*Amp^2 |
| How do you calculate change in volume | change in volume = 10log(intensity new/intensityold) |
| Describe the doppler effect | As the distance decreases between the source and observer, there is a shift towards higher frequencies and shorter wavelengths (high pitch sound and toward blue-violet light) |
| LogGb(M*N) = | LogGB(M) + LogGB(N) |
| decibel is defined as 1 dB = 10 log(I/Io), where I is the intensity, and Io is an arbitrary reference level. If one jet airplane produces a sound level of 100 decibels, what sound level is produced by two jets? (Log 2 = 0.30) | 103 decibels |
| A sound wave from a stationary observer is bounced off an object approaching with velocity v. The reflected wave, relative to original wave, has: | Velocity stays the same as the medium is the same. Frequency is increased as the second object is approaching the person. |
| When a source of sound waves, whose frequency is in the auditory range, is moving toward a stationary observer, what happens to the frequency of the sound. | The observer hears a frequency which is higher than the sound emitted by the object |
| How can ultrasonic waves break up plaques? What phenomenon is happening? | Ultrasonic wave frequency is equal to that of plaque. Consequently, the plaque formations resonate when forced to vibrate by ultrasonic waves. Amp very high, shatters plaque |
| If an ultrasonic wave with a frequency of 3.0 x 104 Hz is detected 4 x 10-^5 seconds after entering the body, how deep is the surface it is detecting? (Note: ultrasonic waves travel at approximately 1.5 x 10^3 m/s in the body) | V = m/s Therefore, V*S = m 0.06m to get in and out, therefore it is 0.03m deep |
| 7) If an object in the human body is 2.0 x 10-3 m in size, approximately what minimal frequency of ultrasonic waves is necessary to detect this object? (Note: ultrasonic waves travel at approximately 1.5 x 103 m/s in the bod | to be detected, wavelengths must be as long as the object. Therefore wavelength = 2.0 x 10-3m. V = Freq * wavelength. Wavelength = velocity/wavelength. = 7.5*10^5 s^-1 |
| 10) A sound wave was used to determine the depth of the sea floor. Given that the region is 1200 m deep, the frequency of the sound is 12,500 Hz and the wave took 1.75 seconds to return to its source, what is the wavelength of the wave? | Times 1200 times two because it took 1.75 for the wavelength to hit something and come back. v = m/s 2400/1.75. V = freq * wavelength. V = freq = 0.11m |
| How would you solve 2400/1.75 | 2400/(1 + 3/4) = 2400/(7/4) = 2400 * 4/7 = approx 2400 * 4/8 = 2400* 1/2 = 1200 approx |
| 1) If the intensity of a sound is said to increase by 20 dB, how many times does the sound intensity increase? | 10log10(a) = 20 10*10^20 = a 10^2 = a = 100 times |
| 2^4 = 16 convert to log form | log2(16) = 4 |
| In a liquid, the speed of sound is inversely proportional to the square root of the density of the liquid. liquid X has a density twice the density of liquid Y, what is the ratio of the velocity of the wave in X to the velocity of the wave in Y? | v= 1/ (square root of density) densityx = 2*density y Vx = 1/square root(2*density y) Vx = 1/ (square root 2 ) * (square root of density y) vx = 1/(square root of 2) * vy vx/vy = 1/*square root of 2) |
| What is the total amount of charge (Q) of matter? | Q = ne n = number of particles e = charge on each particle |
| What is the conservation of cahrge | Net charge cannot be created but that charge can be transferred from one object to another. I.e a glass rubbed on on fur becomes positive while the fur becomes negative |
| what is coloumb's law | F = (k (q1q2))/r^2 K = constant r = distance between the charges F = force |
| Are electric fields scalar or vectors | vectors! |
| If there is a second object in the electric field, will the field be altered | No! THe field exists independently of that second object |
| The direction of an electric field is the direction a blah charge would move if placed in it. The lines are directed towards the | positive! Negative charge (decreasing potential) |
| What is the equation for an electric field | E = F/q =kQ/r^2 Q = charge generating field q = charge placed in field |
| What is the potential energy of an object in a charged field | Equals the work done on that object to bring it from infinity to a ditsance from teh charge. E = work = Fr = (qE)r = kQq/r Q = charge setting p field and q = charge brought in to a distance r |
| When a positively charged object moves against and electric field what happens to its potential energy | It increases |
| When a negatively charged object moves against and electric field what happens to its potential energy | It decreases |
| if two negatively charge objects or two positively charged objets were brought together, what would happen to the potential energy | Work would be done, so the potential energy would increase |
| if two objects of opposite charges were brought together, what would happen to the potential energy | IT would decrease |
| Is the absolute potential (v) scalar or a vector? What is the equation? What are the units? | Scalar! V = Ep/q = kQ/r. Units = volt |
| What are the two perpendicular vectors in an electromagnetic field | The electric field vector (E) and the magnetic induction field vector (B( |
| What is planck's rule for the relation of energy and the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation | E = hf h = planck's constant f = frequency of electromagnetic radiation |
| High frequency or short wave lengths correspond to high or low energy | high energy |
| Colours in highest to lowest wavelength | ROY G Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet |
| The change in waht is responsible for the colours of the rainbow | Refraction! |
| A repelling force must occur between two charged objects when the charges are of: | like signs |
| What is the difference between electrostatic and magnetic forces | Magnetic foces - between two objects that are moving relative to each other Electrostatic - static objects |
| A positive plus a neutral object must be positively or negatively charged | positively charged! |
| 4) An uncharged conductor is supported by an insulated stand. A positively charged rod is brought near the left end of the conductor, but does not touch it. The right end of the conductor will be: | The object will be charged by induction. The left side will be negative, as a flow of electrons will occur and the right side will be left positive |
| 5) Why does a balloon rubbed against hair “stick” to a wall? | Electrostatic forces (attraction)between the particles of the balloon and the particles of the wall |
| Three metal spheres X, Y and Z, are identical in size but carry differing electric charges of –Q, +2Q and -3Q,. X is brought into contact only with the sphere Y, and then X is brought into contact only with sphere Z. What is the charge on x | X and Y together result in +Q, however that charge is shared between two objects so it is +Q/2. 1/2Q - 3Q = 5/2Q. That is shared between two objects so the final charge is 5/4Q |
| Describe the direction of the electric field vectors | Radial to the charge |
| For an object moving in uniform circular motion, the direction of the instantaneous acceleration vector is: | So velocity is tangential to the path of motion, while acceleration is directed radially inwardly |
| Go to the page with extra questions and answer question 1 | Answer is A |
| 2) A free electron is in an electric field. With respect to the field, it experiences a force acting in which of the following directions? | Anti-parallel (opposite in direction). Electric field lines are drawn away from the positive charge. Electrons are drawn to positive charge, so they would be heading towards the positive charge, in the opposite direction |
| 5) The electric field at the surface of a positively charged conductor has which of the following directions? | Perpendicular outward and away from the charge |
| What is the definition of a dipole? | Two seperated point charges of equal magnitude |
| What is the direction of the magnetic force to the current and electric field | Perpendicular. They are all at 90 degree angles to each other. (right hand rule) |
| Describe how the magnetic field lines sit around a wire | They circle around the wire not through it |
| Radio waves, microwaves and ultraviolet rays traveling in space have the same: | Speed! They are travelling in a vaccuum |
| Do question 2 on the extra sheet | sdfdf |
| 1) The acceleration in an electric field is given by: A) qE/m. B) qEm. C) qm/E. D) qE. | E = F/q F = mass * acceleration E = mass * acceleration/q Acceleration = qE/m |
| Do questions three and four on the extra question sheet | asdfsdf |
| Particles were found to simulate the motion of vectors Y and Z which are circular in nature. The acceleration associated with such motion can be determined from which of the following? A) vr B) 2πr C) v2/r D) mvr | centripetal acceleration! V^2/r |
| If the wire forms a conductor or the objects are at rest what does this mean | The potentials are equal |
| 9) The difference between energy levels is directly proportional to which of the following properties of e-m radiation (when it is traveling in a vacuum)? | Frequency! E = hf (planck's law) |
| What is current (including equation) | Current (I) is the amount of charge (Q) that flows past a point in a given amount of time (t). I = Q/t = amperes = coulombs/sec |
| What are coulombs equivalent to | Amperes * sec = unit of charge |
| Mega is equal to | 10^6 |
| What is Ohm's law | V = IR V = voltage I - current R = resistance |
| The direction of current is taken as the direction of positive or negative charge movement? | Positiv! |
| What is resistance? What is it proportional to, what is it inversely proportional to? Thus what is the equation. | Measure of opposition to the flow of electrons. It is directly proportional to resistivity (p) and length (l) but inversely proportional to the area. R = pl/A |
| WHy does resistance increase with temperature | More collisions, which impedes their flow |
| What is the units of resistance and how is equivalent to volts and amperes | Ohms (omega). 1 Ohm = 1volt/ampere |
| Does energy increase or decrease when a current flows through a resistor | Voltage and energy decreases |
| Describe power in terms of voltage and current | P = VI |
| What happens when different currents arrive at a point junction. | The sum of the currents equals zero |
| The sum of voltage changes in one continuous loop is __. In a mult-loop circuit the clockwise direction is __ and in the counter-clockwise direction is __ | Zero! Positive, negative |
| What is a capacitator | Comprised of two or more conductors with opposite but equal charges. They can store and separate charge |
| 2) All of the following are different representations of the same unit EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A) (volt)/(second) B) (joule)/(second) C) watt D) (volt)(ampere) | A |
| ) If the potential difference applied to a fixed resistance is doubled, the power dissipated by that resistance: A) quarters B) halves C) doubles D) quadruples | D. P = V^2/R |
| Is resistance constant for a given resistor? | yes! |
| Do questions 5 and 6 on the extra question sheet | adsf |
| Do question 7 on the extra question sheet | lhlkh |
| Current will preferentially choose the path of least... | resistance |
| If a circuit is in a series the current will be what | uniform across the circuit, even if the resistors change in the |
| In a parallel circuit is the total resistance higher or lower than the individual resistor resistance | Lower! 1/R = 1/r1 + 1/r2 + 1/r3 R = r/3 |
| Voltmetres are always placed where in a circuit | Parallel to the circuit |
| Do questions 8 and 9 on the extra gamsat sheet | jklkjlk |
| What is the equation for capacitance | C= charge /electric potential = Q/V = farad = coulomb/volt |
| Where should the ammeter and voltmeter be placed in a circuit to measure current and potential difference across a resistor | Ammeter should be in series (not in parallel) whereas the voltmeter should be parallel to the resistor |
| How does a lightbulb work? | IT works as a resistor. It resists the the flow of current, becomes hot and consequently glows. The higher the current, the more power the bulb dissipates and thus the brighter the bulb |
| Resistors in parallel have the same what | The same voltage |
| For the equation C = Q/V how does increasing the voltage affect a capacitator | Capacitance is an inherent feature of a capacitator. It is dependent on the mateiral used, distance. So that is not changed. Q = VC, therefore the charge increases |
| Do questions ten and 11 on the extra sheet | asdfdf |
| Write the equation for capacitors and area and distance | C = weird e thing * A/d A = surface area of the plates D = distance |
| What is the Req ad Ceq for a parallel and series circuit | C for parallel is C = c1 + c2 + c3 C for series 1/Ceq = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3 Opposite for resistance |
| Do question 12 on the extra gamsat sheet | afasf |
| How do you add fractions? | Add the top, keep the bottom the same. If different you will need to multiply bottom and top to make denominators the same |
| Do question 13 and 14 on the extra gamsat sheet | adfsdf |
| When does light act as a wave | Interference and diffraction (bending of light) |
| What are the three mirror equations? | 1/i + 1/o = 1/f. f = r/2 M = magnification = -i/o f = focal point. r = radius of curvature, o = objet distance i = image distance |
| positive i and o values mean __ and negative values mean | real and virtual |
| positive r and f values mean __ and negative values mean | converging and diverging |
| positive and negative M values mean | erect and inverted |
| If M >1 the image is ___ and if M< the image is | enlarged and diminished |
| Relate the angle of regraction to velocity, refractive index (n, property of medium)and wavelength | sin angle1/sin angle 2 = v1/v2 = n1/n2 = wavelength 1/wavelength 2 |
| Relate the refractive index (n) to speed of light in a vacuum and speed of light in a medium | n = c/v |
| If the angle 1 is small what does this say about the density of a medium | So the angle would be close to the normal (which is perpendicular to the surface) and therefore the medium is optically dense |
| Do shorter or longer wavelengths travel faster in a medium | Longer wavelengths travel faster than shorter wavelengths as they are more subject to refraction. The smaller the refraction, the closer the second angle is to the normal |
| if angle one is bigger than the critical angle then... | total internal reflection occurs. The ray is reflected back into the more optically dense medium |
| What is polarised light | Light which has waves in only one plane |
| The incident ray and reflected ray always lie in the same ___ and always __ each other | plane, equal each other |
| Describe the image in the mirror (is it virtual or real, upright or inverted. laterally inverted or not, appears to be the same distance behind the object as it is in front of it) | Virtual, upright (not upside down), laterally inverted (left switched to right), appears to be the same distance |
| Do question 15 on the extra sheet | aasdfadsf |
| What is a plane/flat mirror | Flat mirror, produces upright, virtual image. |
| 6) Consider a person standing 0.6 m from a plane mirror. How far is the image from that person? A) 0 m B) 0.6 m C) 1.2 m D) 1.8 m | C |
| The image formed in a convex mirror is always (virtual/real, upright/inverted, enlarged (bigger than object)/reduced (smaller than object) | Virtual, upright and reduced |
| Draw the basic shape of a convex vs concave mirror | adfsdf |
| The focal length of a convex and concave mirror is __its length of its radius of its curvature | half! 1/o + 1/i = 1/f = 2/r = Refractive Power |
| The image formed by a convex mirror is always enlarged/reduced and virtual/real but the image formed by a concave mirror can be either | reduced, virtual. Concave can produce either enlarged or reduced and virtual and real images |
| How does the length of radius curvature affect the curvature power of a lens/spherical mirror | 1/o + 1/i = 1/f = 2/r = Refractive Power. The shorter the radius, the higher the refractive power |
| ) Where must an object be placed in front of a concave mirror to produce a larger, upright virtual image? A) At center of curvature B) Between focal pt and center of curv C) Between focal pt and mirror D) At twice the radius of curv of mirror | C! if o < f, then the image is virtual and erect; if o > f, then the image is real and inverted; if o = f, then no image is formed. |
| 12) Which of the following is true of an image created from an object located between the center of curvature and the focal point of a concave mirror? A) It is real. B) It is erect. C) It is reduced. D) It is located within the center of curvature. | A! f o < f, then the image is virtual and erect; if o > f, then the image is real and inverted; if o = f, then no image is formed. II. if o < r, then the image is enlarged in size; if o > r, image is reduced if o = r, image is the same. |
| If a mirror projects a real image what does this mean in terms of the transmission of light | Light actually passes through the object |
| 1) A movie projector has its lens 50 m in front of a screen producing a 1.44 m image of a fly. If the size of the fly on the film is 1.20 cm, what is the magnification of the image? A) 34.7x B) 41.6x C) 120x D) 4.2 x 103x | C! Magnification = -i/o i = 144cm, 0 - 1.2 cm 144/1.2 = 120 (12* 12 = 144) |
| If light rays from the sun strike the surface of water at an angle what happens to the velocity, wavelength and frequency of the light (do they change) | Use Snell's law. Sin angle 1/sin angle 2 = v1/v2 = n2/n1 = wavelength1/wavelength 2. Therefore speed and wavelength change, but frequency does not |
| Are glass and water more or less optically dense than air? | More! So some light is always reflected back towards the normal line |
| In a more optically dense object, are the angles of refraction and incident the same? | No refraction angle is smaller, closer to the normal in comparison to the incident angle |
| Do question 17 on the extra gamsat sheet | ljhlkjh |
| Identify true statement on total internal refrelction I. It occurs when incident ray exceeds critical angle. II. It doesn't occur when light travel from medium withn to one with higher n III. The angle of incidence is 90 degrees at critical angle. | n = refractive index only 1 and II are correct |
| What is the difference between a reflected and refracted ray (look image up) | Reflection (incident ray) - Refraction (towards the nomal) |
| What is a dialelectic | Poor conductor, an insulator |
| At the critical angle light travels in which direction, above ___ occurs, below __ and ___ occurs | parallel to the interface, total refraction occurs, partial reflection and refraction occurs |
| What is the equation for critical angle | sing angle = n2/n1 n1 = refraction index of incident medium n2 = refraction index of external medium |
| Do question 18 and 19 on the extra gamsat sheeta | dfd |
| Converging and diverging are the same as | convex and concave |
| For a converging mirror how can you tell whether it is real and inverted or virtual and upright and enlarged and reduced (do question 20 on the extra gamsat sheet) | O <f1 virtual and erect O <2f1 enlarged |
| Do question 21 on the extra gamsat sheet | jjh |
| If I is negative is the image real or virtual. Where is the image in relation to the object for a mirror and lens | If i is negative the image is virtual. For a lens, this means it is on the same side as the object, for a mirror it is on the opposite side (behind the mirror) |
| How do the rays leave a diverging (concave) and converging (convex) lens | Diverging - diverge outwards Converging - converge to a point inwards |
| How is wavelength and refractive index related | They are inversely proportional |
| The light ray travelling from incident ray must follow the what direction. Do question 22 on the extra gamsat sheet | same direction |
| Diverging lenses and mirrors are always real/virtual, erect/inverted, reduced/magnified | virtual, erect and reduced |
| What is a positive and negative M value in terms of erect and upside down | Positive = erect Negative - upside down |
| Diverging lenses have __ refractive power, converging have ___ refractive power | Negative, positive |
| Do question 23 on the sheet | afsdf |
| What is the diopters equation | D = 1/f. Total D = D1 + D2 + D3 |
| Do question 24 on the sheet | |
| Sin 90 = | 1 |
| Horizontal beam of light makes a __ degree to the normal | 90 degrees1 |
| Do question 25 and 26 on the extra sheet | adsfad |
| Do question 27 on the extra sheet | asdf |
| What are isotopes | Elements (same atomic number = protons in nucleus) which have different number of neutros and hence a different mass number |
| What is the equation that related energy to mass. What are the units | Change in E = Delta MC^2. Units = ergs. m = grams. C = cm/sec (light = 3*10^10cm/sec Delta E = energy released or absorbed. Mass - lost or gained |
| What is fission and fusion and which one releases energy | Fission - nucleus splits into smaller nuclei. Fusion - smaller nuclei combine to form larger nucleus. Energy is released from both because the mass difference between is converted into energy |
| What is the most and least stable configuration of protons | Most stable nuclei are those with an even number of protons and neutrons . Least stable = odd number of protons and electrons |
| As atomic number increases, the number of ___ needed for the nuclei to be stable increases | neutrons! |
| What is alpha decay (what is it comprised of, how big, penetrating power, what effect does the particle have on an element) | An alpha particle is comprised of two protons and two neutrons (identical to helium nucleus). Most massive, mot potential to react with atoms, lowest penetratintg power. Leads to transumuation of element into different one |
| What is beta decay | An electron (beta -)or a positron is emmitted (same mass as electron, put opposite charge, beta +). Results in transmutation of element into another |
| What is gamma decay | Emmits electromagnetic radiation. High energy photons, which can penetrate matter really well. Allows nucleus to lower energy withouth changing its mass number of atomic number. Gamma rays have no mass/charge |
| What is the equation for spontaneous radioactive decay | change in mass/change in time = rate of decay. First order process k (decay constant) = -(change m/mass)/change in time |
| How is half life related to k. How can you calculate the percentage of a pure radioactive substance left after decay. T1/2 = 9 years, X = 27 years | T0.5 =0.693k. 27 = 3 * 9 = 3T1/2 n = 3 1/2^n = 1/2^3 = 1/8 = 13% remains after 27 years |
| The maximum number of electrons in each shell is given by what equation | Nelectrons = 2n^2 |
| Relate energy levels with the planck equation | Energy level 1 - energy level 2 = hf = f = frequency h = planck's constant |
| What is hte equation for the total energy of the electrons in an atom | E total = E emission + KE (kinetic energy) |
| what is fluorescence | An emmission process that occurs after light absoroption excites electrons to higher electronic and vibrational levels |
| 2) A proton has approximately the same mass as: A) an alpha particle. B) a beta particle. C) a neutron. D) an electron. | A neutron! |
| Mass number = to | number of neutrons + number of protons |
| 7) The isotope H3 (tritium) has: A) three electrons. B) three protons. C) three neutrons. D) one proton and two neutrons. | D! On proton and two neutrons |
| 8) Over time, the naturally occurring isotope 14C breaks down to 14N. What net change must occur for this to happen? A) The 14C gained a proton. B) The 14C gained an electron. C) The 14C gained a neutron. D) The 14C lost an electron. | Gained a proton! Protons distinguish elements |
| 11) Naturally occurring boron (10.8 amu) consists of just two isotopes. One of the isotopes consists of atoms having a mass of 10 amu; the other of 11 amu. What is the percent natural abundance of the heavier isotope? A) 10% B) 20% C) 50% D) 80% | D! 10(1-x) + 11(x) = 10.8 x = 0.8 |
| 14) How do gamma rays behave in an electric field? A) aren't deflected in any direction. B) are deflected toward the positive plate. C) are deflected toward the neg plate. D) They oscillate between plates | A! They are not charged |
| Place these orders in ascending order of strength, electrostatic, nuclear, gravitational | gravitational, electrostatic, nuclear |
| What is the atomic number | number of protons |
| With atomic emission how many protons and nucleons does an element lose | 2 protons and 4 nucleons (so you take 4 away from the mass number and 2 away from atomic number) |
| With beta emmision how many protons and nucleons does an element gain | So you lose 1 e, so you gain one proton (add one to atomic number). Nucleon stays the same |
| Do question 29 on the extra sheet | asdfdf |
| 1) Molecule A contains only carbon and chlorine, and has a molecular weight of 285 g mol -1. What is the molecular formula for this compound? (C = 12 amu; Cl = 35.5 amu) A) C2Cl2 B) C3Cl3 C) C4Cl4 D) C5Cl5 E) C6Cl6 | E! 6* 12 = 72 16*35.5 = 213 72 + 13 = 285 |
| 2) What is the percent by weight of nitrogen in NH4N03? (Atomic weights: H = 1, N = 14, O = 16) A) 25% B) 30% C) 35% D) 40% | C! N = 28 Total = 80 28/80 |
| 7) Approximately what is the percent, by mass, of nitrogen in NH4N02? A) 38 B) 44 C) 48 D) 54 | C! |
| How do you find a limiting agent | Look at ratio. If one is not matching the ratio, it is hte limiting reagent. |
| Consider the following reaction: FeCl2(aq) + H2S(g) --> FeS(s) + 2HCl(aq) When sulfur is precipitated, what type of reaction has occurred? A) Oxidation-reduction B) Neutralization C) Double replacement D) Displacement | Double replacement! |
| 1) An electron in which of the following orbitals is most stable? A) 5s B) 3p C) 4d D) All the same | C! The lowest quantum number represents the lowest orbital, which is the most stable |
| What is an ionic bond | Complete transfer of valence atoms. Between metal and non-metal. Results in two oppositely charge atoms. Metal loses electrons to |
| Describe the atomic radii trend | Atomic radii decreases from left to right as the number of protons increase. The radius increases down a group due to shielding effect of another electron shell |
| 2) The common characteristic which best accounts for two elements having the same chemical properties is: A) size of atomic radius. B) number of valence electrons. C) magnitude of total nuclear charge. D) extent of overlapping of orbitals. | Number of valence electrons! |
| Do question 30 on the extra sheet | asdf |
| What is ionisation energy | Energy required to remove electron from another atom. |
| What is n (principal quantum number) | Defines atomic shells. Higher the number, higher the energy number |
| What is i (angular momentum quantum number( | Defines hsape of atomic orbital. I = o = s shaped I = 1 = p shaped I = 3 are d or f shaped orbitals |
| What is m (magnetic quantum number) | Defines orientation of a given shape (i.e. x. y, z) |
| WHat is the electron configuration order | 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, , 4s, 3d, 4p, 4d, 4f... |
| The row of the periodic table gives the number of ..... | Valence electrons |
| What is electron affinity | Neutral atom's likelihood of gaining an electron. Ea becomes more negative as we move from left to right |
| What is a covalent bond | Two valence electrons are shared between two atoms |
| What is a lewis acid and a lewis base | Electron acceptor and electron donor |
| For neutral molecules the sum of hte formal charges should add up to...and for an ion the sum of the formal charges should add up t0... | zero, the charge |
| Which of the following molecules are Lewis acids? (Me = methyl) A) BF3 and H2O B) NH3 and Me3C+ C) BF3 and Me3C+ D) NH3 and H2O | Acid = electron pair acceptor therefore C is the correct answer as they are electron deficient |
| 7) Which of the following molecules are Lewis bases? A) BF3 and H2O B) NH3 and Me3C+ C) BF3 and Me3C+ D) NH3 and H2O | D is the correct answer. Lewis bases are electron donors, they must have a lone pair of electrons |
| Do question 31 on the extra gamsat sheet | asdf |
| What is the difference between triangle planar and pyramidal | Triangle planar no lone pairs! |
| Which releases energy? Making or breaking bonds? | Making bonds breaks energy |
| Difference between a polar vs non-polar covalent bond | Polar - partly ionic, electronegativities different Non polar - electronegativies are the same |
| WHy does HGBr have a net dipole movement of 0 | Br more electrongative, geometry cancels out |
| Do question 32 on the gamsat extra sheet | asdf |
| Why does H20 Have a net dipole movement | bonds not linear, not 180 so things do not cancel out |
| What is STP | Standard temp and pressure and molar volume. o degress celcius, 273.15 K, 1atm. Molar volume of a gas equal to 22.4L |
| Describe the attractive forces between particles in ideal gases and do particle collisions in ideal gases slow down particles | There is no attractive or repulsive forces and collisions do not slow particles down, they merely make them change direction |
| Particle sin an ideal gas are in | constant motion |
| How are volume and temperature related | Directly! V = k*T or V1/V2 = T1/T2 |
| How are volume and pressure related | Inversely related! V = constant 1/P or P1V1 = P2V2 |
| How are the volume and number of particles related | Directly! so V/n = constant or V1/n1 = V2/n2 |
| What is the combined gas law (pressure, volume nd temp) | P1V1/T1 = k = P2V2/T2 |
| What is the ideal gas law (pressure, volume, n, t and R (gas constant) | PV = nRT |
| Describe the volume and intermolecular forces of ideal gas particles | Zero volume and no intermolecular forces |
| Under what conditions are real gas particles heavily subjected to intermolecular forces | Low temp, High pressure |
| Under what conditions will real gas particles occupy a lot of space | High pressures, the fraction of total total volume occupied by the particles increase. |
| Which deviates more widely from ideal gas laws? A particle with a small or large mass? | At constant temp, kinetic energy for most particles are the same. Therefore, heavier particles must move slower (KE = 1/2mV^2). |
| WHy is water less dense in its solid phase than liquid phase | Solid - rigid structure, ensures lots of space. Therefore less mass per volume |
| Is melting water an exothermic or endothermic process | endothermic |
| Is the freezing of water an exothermic or endothermic process | exothermic |
| The density of an unknown gas is determined to be 1.97 g/L at STP. If the gas is known to be one of the following substances, which is most likely? A) C3H8 B) HCHO C) C2H2 D) CH3CH3 | STP = 22.4L/mol Density approx 2g/L. Trying to find molecular weight (g/mol) 2g/L * 22.rL/mol = 44g/mol, therefore A |
| Do question 32 on the extra sheet and 33 | adsf |
| What is the conversion between torr and atm | 1 atm = 760 torr |
| What are van der waals forces | Dipoles and forced dipoles (london disperson forces) |
| draw a hydrogen bond | asdf |
| Do question 34 on the sheet and 35 | asdf |
| The higher the vapour pressure of a liquid, the higher/lower the boiling point | lower, therefore it is easier to boil |
| 25) Van der Waals forces would be most prevalent in a pure sample of which of the following compounds? A) (CH3)2CH(CH2)5CH(CH3)2 B) C(CH3)4 C) CH3CH2CH3 D) CH4 | A! The higher the molecular weight, the more prevalent the van der waals forces are. MOre carbons to interact with each other |
| 28) If a gas behaved ideally, which of the following would be expected on cooling the gas to 1 K ? A) It would remain a gas. B) It would liquify. C) It would solidify. D) Cannot be determined from the information given. | A! Because ideally there would be no attractive forces between the particles |
| Pressure * volume = what + units | work, which is in joules |
| Anything that is added or subtracted from something must share the same | units |
| How is the vapor pressure of any component in a mixture affected by the presence of other components | It is lowered! P = P^celcius * X solvent P = vapour pressure of solution P^celcius = vapor pressure of pure solvent Xsolvent - mole fraction of the solvent in the solution X solvent = 1-xsolute |
| Which ions are more soluble in H20, highly charged ions such as Al3+ or ions with little charge such as NACI | LIttle charge! The highly charged ones have a greater force of attraction and therefore are much less soluble |
| ide =, ite =, ate =, hypo = , per = | Single atom, less oxygen, more oxygen, less oxygen, more oxygen |
| What is saturated solution | Solution where no more solute can be dissolved in |
| What is a super saturated solution | A solution with more dissolved solute than the solvent would normally dissolve in its current conditions |
| what is the concentration unit Normality (N) | eq/L N = n*M n = number of equivalents per unit of formula. E.g. H2S)4 has two reacting units of protons so it has 2 eq/mole. |
| What is the concentration unit of molality (m) | moles of solute/kg of solvent |
| What is osmolarity | osmoles/L or osmoles * M |
| What is osmolairty | Osm/kg |
| What is a mole fraction (concentration solubility) | moles of solute/ (moles of solute + moles of solution) |
| What are the strong electrolytes | Salts (NaCl), strong acids (HCl), strong bases (NaOH) |
| Define KSP and write the equation for Ag2S. The lower the KSp the | The solubility product The lower the Ksp the less product and therefore low solubility Write ice table you will find KSP = (2xx)^2 * (x) = 4x^3 |
| How do you know if precipitation will occur | If the product of AG and Cl exceeds Ksp |
| What is Qsp. If Qsp<Ksp then, If Qsp = Ksp then, Qsp > Ksp | ion products at any point, whereas ksp is ion products at equillibrium. 1. Solution is unsaturated 2. Saturated and at equillibrium 3. Supersaturated, solid precipitate will form |
| The freezing point of water is ____ with the addition of another substance, while the boiling point of water is __ with the addition of another substance | lowered, elevated! |
| What is a peptide bond | asdf |
| If there are 7 peptide bonds, how many amino acids are there? | 8! |
| Do question 37 and 38 on the sheet. How do you find the new boiling point and freezzing bpoint | Tb/f = iKf/bm i = van't hoff factor, number of particles (only applies to ions, weak acids close to 1) kf/b = freezing/boiling constant (in celcius) m = molality |
| Celcius to K | 0 celcius = 273.15K |
| What is a non-volatile solute. How do volatile substances affect vapour pressure | Non-volatile solute lead to a vapour that is purely solvent Volatile solutes lead to a vapour that is a mixture of solute and solvent |
| What is the delta H fusion, is it constant or not? | Change in enthalpy after solid converts to liquid |
| Do questions, 39, 40, 41 and 42 on the sheet | ;lkj;j |
| Suppose that the vapor pressure of pure benzene at room temperature is measured as PB. A nonvolatile substance is dissolved in the benzene, and Ps, the vapor pressure of the solution, is measured. Which is larger PB or PS | PB is larger than PS. The vapour pressure of a pure substance is greater than that of a solution |
| What is the equilibrium constant of an acid and a base | Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA] Kb = [HB+][OH-]/[B] |
| What is the product constant for water at STP | Kw = [H+][OH-] = 1 *10^-14 |
| What is the equation for pH and pOH | pH = -log10 [H+] pOH - log10 [OH-] |
| LogaA = | 1 |
| logaM^k | K logaM |
| loga(MN) = | logaM + logaN |
| loga(M/N) = | logaM - logaN |
| Calculate the pH of 0.001MHCL | [H+] = 0.001 -log[H+] = -log[0.001) pH = log(10^-3) pH = 3log(10) pH = 3 |
| pKa = pKb = | pKw |
| Indicators indicate the | end point, where conc. of acid and bases equal each otehr |
| Strong acid/base will have an equivalence point at pH _, a weak acid/strong base will have its equivalence point at pH __ and a strong acid/weak base will have its equivalence point atpH_ | 7, pH >7, pH<7 |
| Should have the weak acid and its conjugate base have the same or two different colours in the solution of a titration | two different colours! |
| What is the henderson hasslebach equation for an acid and a base | pH = pKa + log ([A-]/[HA] pH = pKa + log ([BH+]/[B]) |
| Is it easier to remove H+ from a neutral molecule or form a charged molecule | neutral, as there is no attractive forces |
| What is state function. Are E, Q (heat) and W, enthalpy and etropy state functions | Independent on the path taken E, entropy and enthalpy are state functions, Q and W are not |
| Relate energy, work and heat in an equation | Change in energy = Q - W |
| IF Q is bigger than zero it is ___, if Q is less than zero it is__ | absorbed by the system, released by the system |
| If W is bigger than zero it is ___, If W is less than zero it is___ | done by the system, done to the system |
| How can work be determined from a presssure-volume curce | Area under curve is work |
| Do question 45 on the extra sheet | asdf |
| Do questions 46 and 47 on the extra sheet | lkjl |
| Which shape has the smallest surface area | sphere |
| What is enthalpy of fusion | Energy required to change it from solid to liquid |
| Do question 48, 49, 50 and 51 | adfad |
| What is the rate determining step in a reaction | The slowest step. The rate law of a reaction is basically equal to the rate law of the slowest step. The other faster steps determine concentrations of the products and reactants |
| The bigger the difference between the total energy of the reactants and the activated complex, i.e. the activation energy the ___ the reaction | slower |
| Kinetically vs Thermodynamically controlled reaction | Kinetically controlled - product with smallest activation energy favoured Thermodynamically controlled - product with smallest gibbs free energy favoured |
| How do you write the equation for Keq. WHat states are included in this equation. | Keq = [C]^c{D]^d/[A]^a[B]^b. Only gases and aqueous solutions. Pure solids and liquids are not included |
| If the pressure increases (volume decreases), which direction of the reaction will be favoured | The side with less gas moles. If there are multiple types of gases, the reaction will favour the gas molecules with the greatest density |
| If the temperature increases, which direction of the reaction will be favoured | Endothermic one |
| Do questions 52, 53, 54, 55 on the extra sheet | adfdf |
| IF delta G is at equillibrium, what value does it have and write the equation for delta G, H, S and T | 0. Delta G = Delta H - T* Delta S |
| How do catalysis affect the rate of reaction, activation energy, Keq, delta g, are they used up int he reaction | Enhance the rate, lower activation energy, do not affect Keq and delta g and they are not used up in the reaction |
| Do question 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 on the extra sheet | adsfd |
| The more positive the reduction potential, the more likely the species to be | reduced |
| The more positive the E^o value, the more likelty the reaction will | occur spontaneously as written |
| WHat is the equation for E^o | E^o = E^o red - E^ox |
| What is the difference between a galvanic and electrolytic cell. Is a battery a galvanic or electrolytic cell | Galvanic = produces electrical energy from a spontaneous chemical reaction Electrolytic = induces a non-spontaneous chemical reaction via consumption of electrical energy. Batters are galvanic |
| Where does oxidation and reduction take place in a galvanic cell | MNEUMONIC = LEO A GERC Lose Electrons Oxidation is Anode Gain Electrons Reduction at Cathode |
| What is the purpose of the salt bridge in an electrochemical cell | To maintain neutrality, to maintain electrochemical gradient |
| What is the electron flow in an electrolytic cell | Electrons flow to cathode. Therefore anode attracts anions, cathode attracts cations |
| What is ionisation energy and what does low ionisation energy mean | The ability of a atom to lose an electron. Low means easily loses an eletron |
| How do you add 3/4 and 3 together? | Convert to 9/12 and 36/12. Remember 3 is 3/1 not 3/3 |
| Do 62 and 63 | dfadf |
| What is the difference between diffusion and effusion | D - spreading of molecules E - escape of gas through small hole |
| What is Graham's law of effusion (relate rate to molar mass and how do you calculate rate) | r1/r2 = square root (mm2/mm1) Rate = moles/second or 1/seconds |
| How do you calculate when two charge points = 0 | F = Kq1*q1/r^2 therefore Q1Q2/r^2 = Q2Q3/r^2 or E =kQ/r^2 |
| How are wavelength and energy related? | The shorter the wavelength, the higher the energy |
| Do questions 65 and 66 | kdflsdkjf |
| What is bernouilli’s equation | P1 + density*g*h1 + 1/2density*v1^2 = P2 + desnity*g*h2 + 1/2density*v2^2 P = pressure density*G*H = potential energy 1/2 density* v^2 = kinetic energy |
| What is the common consequence of bernouilli's equation | When height is kept relatively constant and velocity of fluid is high, the pressure is low. and vice versa |
| What happens to the pressure and velocity of a fluid from a normal tube to a constrictured tube | The pressure decreases and the velocity increases. The velocity increases to ensure the same amount of volume passes through the tube in a given time (continuity equation A1V1=A2V2). The pressure decreases do to bernouilli's equation |
| Describe Bernouilli's equation and airplanes | Air at top of wing experiences constricted flow, therefore pressure drops and velocity increases. Reduction in pressure results in lift |
| What is lift | Opposes weight. Caused by diffrences |
| If the object is not in motion, is there still friciton | Yes! Static friction. The force which prevents objects from moving. Generally harder to overcome then kinetic friction |
| What is the equation to balance a seesaw | The torque equation. Torque = Torque Torque = force (weight) * radius (distance from pivot point, the centre) |
| Do question 67 and 68 on the extra sheet | asdfsdf |
| What is the difference between axial and equatorial in a cyclohexene (see question 69) | CH3 lies to the side in equatorial and straight up in axial |
| Do question 70 on the extra sheet | asdf |
| Define the critical of angle | Occurs when light passes from a more optically dense (higher n) medium into a less dense medium. The incidence angle is such that the refraction angle is 90 degrees. If angle 1 is biggere than the critical angle, total internal reflection occurs |
| How to do use Snell's law to find out the second angle | N1*sinangle1 = N2*sinangle 2 |
| How many isomers does C4H8 have? | Check diagram on google if have trouble |
| Is the speed of light in air greater or smaller than in a vacuum | Approximately the same |
| If the refractive index for water is 1.333 what does that tell you | LIght travels 1.333 times faster in a vaccum |
| Do real gas particles undergo elastic collisions | Some do, but others do not |
| What is viscosity measured in? | Pascals |
| Draw a phase diagram | asdf |
| What is a conjugated molecule | System of connected p orbitals, with alternating single and double bonds |
| How do you find teh EMF of a circuit which has two batteries | Difference between the two volts |
| Do prokaryotes have mitochondria | no! |
| write a ph equation in terms of 14 and poh | pH = 14 - pOH |
| Do mammals perform anaerobic respiration extensively | no mostly bacteria |
| how to find area of a triangle | B*H/2 |
| real images are always ___ | inverted!! |
| mirrors __, lenses ___ | reflect, refract |
| Where are the ribosomes located in a cell | Either attached to ROUGH endoplasmic reticulum or in the cytosol |
| What does the smooth and rough ER do | Smooth - lipid storage and syntehssi Rough - protein synthesis |
| Describe the graphs of zero order, first order and second order reatios over time | Zero order - linear, no correlation between concentration and rate First and second - curved graphs. First order would have constant half life, second order would have one that doubled each time |
| log 6 = 0.8 How would you solve for log 60 | log 60 = log 6 + log 10 therefore 0.8 + 1 = 1.8 |
| The negative dissociation of the conjugate base (pkb) is the same or opposite to the conjugate acid | Opposite! So if the KA is high, pka is low, pkb of conjugate base is high. |
| 1/9 = | 0.11 |
| converging lenses cause what type of inversion, Do diverging lenses cause lateral inversion? | lateral inversion. Yes and no. If they produce a real image (imaghe is further than f), then it will be inverted. If it is between c and f, image will be virtual |
| pos delta g = | increase in disorder |
| + energy | = endothermic, delta h is positive |
| What type of immune responses respond to antigens? | Specific immune responses |
| What causes a muscle fibre to return to its original length? | Opposing muscle contractions and elasticity |
| Why does the blood leaving the capillaries speed up? | it speeds up because of pumping effect of right side of the heart leads to negative suction |
| what blood vessels mediate vasoconstriction? | large arteries and small arterioles |
| can the diameter of large blood vessels change? | No! the smaller vessels in the periphery mediate vasoconstriciton |
| 1000ml = how many mm | 1mm^3 |
| how do you know which acid/base to choose based on the pH range of indicators on a titration graph | If the acid/base changes from acidic to basic pH in that pH range |
| what is the ph of 10^-5 HCl | pH = -log10[H+} ph=-log10[10^-5] pH = 5* 1 pH = 5 |
| Log10 (1.26) = 0.1 The ka of an indicator is 1.26*10^-4, what is its pKa | pKa = -logKa pka =-log(1.26*10^-4) pka = -log(1.26)-log(10^-4) pKa = -0.1+4 pKa = 3.9 |
| 10^0 = what | 1 |
| solve for the concentration of OH. 1.2*10^-11 = [1.2*10^-1] [OH}^2 | OH = 10^-5 square root of 2 is equal to 10^10/2 |
| If K (equillibrium constant) is 1, <1, >1, which part of the reaction is favoured and what is delta g | 1 - neither products or reactants are favoured, therefore delta G = 0\ <1 - products favoured, therefore negative delta G >1 reactants favoured, therefore positive delta G |
| What is the fischer projection rule? | You can swap two groups simultaneously |
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Lui24