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Stack #2381503
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Peripheral structures sensitive to the presence of hormones are called | target cells |
| The nervous system | is ideal for crisis management. |
| ) The endocrine system | relies on the release of chemicals that bind to target cells. |
| Generally, the actions of hormones | can produce complex changes in physical structure and physiological changes. |
| Hormones from the ________, which travel in the hypophyseal portal vessels, alter the activity of the anterior pituitary. | Hypothalamus |
| In the simplest case, endocrine activity may be controlled by changes in the extracellular fluid composition called ________ stimuli. | humoral |
| The hormone leptin is secreted by (the) ________. | Adipose tissue |
| Peptide hormones are | are composed of chains of amino acids |
| Steroid hormones | are structurally similar to cholesterol. |
| Which of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative? | melatonin |
| Hypothalamic hormones that stimulate the synthesis and secretion of one or more hormones in the anterior lobe are called | releasing hormones. |
| ) Which of the following hormones bind to membrane receptors and activate G-proteins? | Peptide hormones |
| The highest level of endocrine control is provided by the | hypothalamus |
| All hormones are | chemical messangers |
| When a protein or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, | a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm. |
| Steroid hormones | bind to intracellular receptors |
| Hormone concentration levels are most commonly controlled by | negative feedback |
| An important second messenger in hormonal action is | cAMP |
| Cyclic AMP often causes activation of | kinase enzymes |
| The hypothalamus transports hormones to the posterior pituitary by way of | neural axons, directly |
| ) The term ________ refers to the combination of plasma and the formed elements together. | whole blood |
| Fresh whole blood is usually collected through a procedure called | venipuncture |
| The process of blood clotting is an example of which function of blood? | restricting fluid losses at injury sites |
| In blood smear preparations, blood is collected from which type of vessel? | peripheral capillaries |
| Plasma proteins that are necessary for blood to maintain osmotic pressure are | albumins |
| Blood is approximately ________ percent plasma by volume. | 46-63 |
| Plasma and interstitial fluid account for most of the volume of ________ in the body. | extracellular fluid |
| Which organ, a primary source of plasma proteins, synthesizes more than 90 percent of such proteins? | liver |
| The chief difference between plasma and serum involves the | presence/absence of clotting proteins |
| Red blood cells result from the divisions of ________, which are multipotent stem cells. | hemocytoblasts |
| In adults, the stem cells responsible for the production of red and white blood cells originate primarily in the | red bone marrow |
| The average life span of a red blood cell is about | 4 months |
| The function of hemoglobin is to | bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| ________ are the most abundant cell population of the formed elements of blood. | Erythrocyte |
| The percentage of whole blood volume occupied by cellular elements is termed (the) ________. | hematocrit |
| Excess transferrins are removed in the ________, where the iron extracted from heme molecules is stored in special protein-iron complexes | liver and spleen |
| When large numbers of RBCs break down in the circulation, the urine can turn reddish or brown in a condition called ________. | hemoglobinuria |
| ) Red blood cell production is stimulated directly by | EPO |
| During their formation, RBCs | eject their nucleus and most of their organelles |
| ________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs is reduced. | Anemia |
| The heart is enclosed by the | mediastinum |
| ) The wall between the atria is called the | interatrial septum |
| The loose-fitting sac around the heart is lined by the | parietal pericardium. |
| The innermost layer of the heart wall is the | endocardium |
| The skeleton of the heart consists of | dense bands of tough, elastic connective tissue that encircle the heart valves. |
| Blood returning directly from the systemic circulation enters the | right atrium |
| The tricuspid valve is located | between the right atrium and right ventricle |
| The left and right coronary arteries supply blood to the muscle tissue of the | heart. |
| The great and middle cardiac veins drain blood directly into the | coronary sinus |
| The semilunar valves prevent backflow into the | ventricles |
| Blood flowing from the left atrium to the left ventricle flows through the ________ valve. | bicuspid |
| Blood from the systemic circulation returns to the heart by way of the | venae cavae. |
| Which structural feature of the heart is a deep groove usually filled with substantial amounts of fat, marking the border between the atria and the ventricles | coronary sulcus |
| ) The right atrium receives blood from the systemic circuit and pumps it to the ________. | right ventricle |
| The heart is surrounded by the ________ cavity. | pericardial |
| The muscular ridges found on the internal surfaces of the ventricles are collectively called (the) ________. | trabeculae carneae |
| Each cardiac muscle cell is bound to its neighboring cells at sites called ________. | intercalated discs |
| The ________ circuit carries blood to and from all parts of the body except the lungs. | systemic |
| The muscle layer of the heart is the ________. | myocardium |
| ________ permit the exchange of nutrients, dissolved gases, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues. | Capillaries |
| The muscular layer of blood vessels is the | tunica media. |
| Thick-walled vessels, which are large and extremely resilient, are called ________ arteries. | elastic |
| The external carotid artery would be classified as an example of a (n) ________ artery. | muscular |
| The outermost layer of the arterial wall is the | tunica externa |
| The vessels that permit exchange of materials between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid are termed | capillaries. |
| Which vessel type typically has an internal diameter of about 30 μm and has a tunica media comprised of 1-2 layers of smooth muscle cells? | arterioles |
| Which condition is described as the formation of lipid deposits in the tunica media associated with damage to the endothelial lining? | atherosclerosis |
| Blood flowing out of a capillary bed first enters structures called ________. | venules |
| Which vessel type typically lacks a tunica media when its diameter is less than 50 μm? | venules |
| In general, for a vessel of a given size, a typical artery ________ compared to a typical vein. | is more elastic |
| Which blood vessels are able to absorb the pressure changes that occur during the cardiac cycle? | elastic arteries |
| Regarding the typical structure of blood vessel walls, those that have only a tunica intima are the | capillaries |
| In a process called autoregulation, ________ in response to a decline in dissolved oxygen levels within a tissue. | the precapillary sphincters relax |
| Why do veins have relatively thin walls? | A typical vein does not need to withstand much pressure. |
| What is the advantage of the small diameter of capillaries? | It slows blood flow, allowing sufficient time for exchange of materials across capillary walls to occur. |
| Choose the correct description of a typical medium-sized vein. | Ranging from 2 mm to 9 mm in diameter, its tunica media contains several smooth muscle layers, and the relatively thick tunica externa has longitudinal bundles of elastic and collagen fibers. |
| Which of the following is defined as a force exerted against a liquid? | hydrostatic pressure |
| Which of the following is a transport mechanism used to move materials across capillary walls? | filtration |
| Edema is defined as a (n) | abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in the tissues. |
| The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is the | pulse pressure. |
| Which are the primary cells of the lymphatic system? | lymphocytes |
| A foreign microorganism that may cause disease in humans is called a (n) | pathogen. |
| The two collecting ducts that ultimately drain the lymphatic vessels are the | thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct. |
| In the condition called ________, interstitial fluids accumulate in a region in which drainage has been blocked. | lymphedema |
| The group of lymphoid stem cells that migrates to the thymus and divides repeatedly produces which type(s) of lymphocytes? | T cells |
| The red pulp of the spleen contains large quantities of | red blood cells. |
| Lymphatic vessels, which exit the lymph node and carry the lymph toward the venous system, are | efferent lymphatic vessels. |
| Lymph nodules are composed of loose connective tissue containing densely packed | lymphocytes. |
| The thymus gland is positioned | posterior to the sternum. |
| Splenic blood vessels and lymphatic vessels communicate with the spleen at the ________ | hilum |
| ________ are clusters of lymphoid nodules located beneath the epithelial lining of the intestines. | Peyer patches |
| The wall structure of lymphatics and the flow of lymph through them are comparable to those of | veins. |
| The greatest number of lymph nodes is located in which of the following? | axillary region |
| Which of the following is a primary function of the lymphoid system? | production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes |
| Lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of draining into the | subclavian veins |
| Lymph nodes | purify lymph before it reaches the veins |
| The white pulp of the spleen contains large numbers of | lymphocytes |
| Which of the following functions in immunological surveillance? | NK cells |
| The role of the spleen is slightly different than other lymph organs because it | filters blood. |
| Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the | upper (conducting) portion of the respiratory tract. |
| The respiratory mucosa is made up of ________. | ciliated columnar epithelium |
| The lining of the trachea is | ciliated columnar epithelium. |
| Functions of the respiratory system include | protecting respiratory surfaces from dehydration, and temperature changes |
| Microorganisms removed from incoming air by the mucus of the respiratory tract are ultimately exposed to | stomach acids and enzymes. |
| The nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx at the | internal nares |
| The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the nose is the | nasal vestibule. |
| Which of the following forms much of the anterior and lateral surfaces of the larynx, and often contains an "Adam's apple"? | thyroid cartilage |
| A chamber shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the | pharynx. |
| Which structure extends behind the hard palate and underlies the nasopharynx? | soft palate |
| The glottis is | the passage from the pharynx to the larynx. |
| The structure that folds back over the glottis, preventing the entry of liquids or solid food, is the | epiglottis. |
| The structure that provides posterior support to the larynx is the | cricoid cartilage. |
| The trachea | is reinforced with C-shaped cartilages. |
| The ends of each tracheal cartilage are connected by an elastic ligament and the ________. | trachealis muscle |
| Airways that supply one lobe of a lung are called | secondary bronchi. |
| How many tertiary bronchi are typically present in each lung? | 9-10 |
| The respiratory surfaces of the nasal cavity are cleared by mucus produced in part by which of the following? | paranasal sinuses |
| The palatine tonsils lie in the lateral walls of the ________ | oropharynx |
| Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and frequently has periods where he can hardly breathe. The problem is probably the result of | thick secretions that exceed the ability of the respiratory tract cilia to remove them. |
Created by:
dan9