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Biology 105
Chapter 12 Study Guide ?s: The Cell Cycle
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Explain how cell division functions in reproduction, growth, and repair. | Reproduction: asexual. Parent splits into 2 new cells...Growth & Repair: replaces cells that die off. Adds new cells with same genetic information through mitosis for fertilized egg to divide and grow |
| What is the structural organization of a prokaryotic and eukaryotic genome? | Prokaryotic: often a single, circular DNA molecule---Eukaryotic: many linear DNA molecules |
| What are the major events of eukaryotic cell division that enable the genome of one cell to be passed on to two daughter cells? | DNA is copied. 2 copies are separated into 2 new cells. |
| Describe how the chromosome number changes throughout the human life cycle. | Adult: 46 chromosomes. Gamete (sperm and egg): 23 chromosomes. After fertilization, zygote # is restored to 46. |
| What are the phases of the cell cycle in order for mitosis? | Interphase (G1, S-phase, G2).....M-phase(Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase...Cytokinesis) |
| What are the events that occur in interphase of mitosis? | G1: Cell grows----S-phase: DNA is replicated-----G2: cell continues to grow |
| What events occur in prophase of mitosis? | Chromatin becomes more tightly coiled/condensed. Nuclear membrane fragments. Mitotic spindle begins to form (Late prophase: spindle begin to attach to chromosome kinetichores). Centrosomes move away from each other. |
| What events occur in Metaphase of Mitosis? | Centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cell. Spindle Microtubules are attached to kinetochores of chromosomes. Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate. |
| What events occur in anaphase of mitosis? | Cohesin proteins are cleaved, separating sister chromatids. Microtubules shorten at kinetochores. Sister chromatids are quickly pulled apart towards opposite ends of the cell. Nonkinetochore microtubules Lengthen. |
| What events occur in telophase/Cytokinesis of mitosis | Nuclear envelopes reform. Nucleoli appear. Chromosomes become less condensed. Microtubules are broken down. Cytoplasm has cleavage furrow form, and then cell splits. Result: 2 new, identical cells. |
| What is a centrosome? | region from which microtubules are organized and produced. |
| What is the mitotic spindle? | Microtubules involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis |
| What are Kinetochore Microtubules? | Microtubules that attach to centromeres of chromosomes |
| What are nonkinetochore microtubules? | Microtubules that do not attach to chromosomes. Instead, they overlap and interact with nonkinetochore microtubules from the other pole in order to elongate the cell |
| What are asters? | A radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome. Away from chromosomes |
| What are centrioles? | 2 centrioles form the centrosome in animal cells |
| How is cytokinesis different in plant and animal cells? | In animal cells: cleavage furrow is formed, made of a contractile ring of microfilaments. cell is pinched into 2 separated cells. In Plant cells: vesicles lineup in middle of cell to form a cell plate. Eventually becomes a new cell wall |
| What is the role of checkpoints in the cell cycle control system? | Checkpoints regulate the cycle. Make sure crucial cellular processes have occurred by a specific point and have been completed correctly. Report whether or not cycle should proceed. (G1, G2, and Mphases) |
| What is G zero? | when the cell decides not to divide and leaves the cell cycle |
| What are the internal and external factors that influence the cell cycle control system? | Internal: Signals/Checkpoints controlled by Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases(proteins)....External: chemical or physical. cells fail to divide if nutrients is lacking in environment. If culture contains specific growth factors. |
| Explain how the abnormal cell division of cancerous cells escapes normal cell cycle controls. | Abnormal cells don't stop dividing when growth factors are depleted. Loss of anchorage dependence and density-dependent inhibition. Evade the normal controls that trigger a cell to undergo apoptosis. |
| Distinguish between benign, malignant, and metastatic tumors. | Benign: abnormal cells remain at original site...Malignant: abnormal cells spread to new tissues around them and impair functions of more organs (cancer)...Metastatic: abnormal cells travel to other parts of the body, spread from original site |
Created by:
lrumberger