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HNC Biochemistry
LO1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe the structure of amino acid. | in an amino acid a hydrogen, carboxyl group, amino group and a functional group are covalently bound to a central alpha carbon. |
| What chemical bond links amino acids in a polypeptide chain? | peptide bond |
| what is the primary structure of proteins? | the sequence of amino acids in a protein |
| What secondary structures can a polypeptide chain fold into? | alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet |
| What bonds stabilise the tertiary structure of proteins? | hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulphide bridges |
| What chemical bond connects a pentose sugar within a nucleotide to the phosphate group? | phosphoester bond |
| What bond links a pentose sugar to the nitrogenous base within a nucleotide? | N-glycosidic bond |
| What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis? | mRNA acts as a template for protein synthesis. It carries information stored in DNA to the ribosome. |
| What is the role of tRNA? in protein synthesis | it brings the amino acid to the ribosome . It binds to the codon on mRNA allowing translation of mRNA into protein |
| What is the role of rRNA in protein synthesis? | rRNA makes up the ribosome. |
| What are the three parts of a nucleotide? | a pentose sugar, a phosphate group attached to carbon 5 and a nitrogenous base attached to carbon 1 |
| What is a difference between ribose and deoxyribose? | Ribose has a hydroxyl (-OH) group on carbon 2. Deoxyribose has a hydrogen on carbon 2. |
| What are the three differences between DNA and RNA? | DNA is made from deoxyribose sugar, RNA from ribose sugar. DNA is double stranded RNA single stranded, DNA contains thymine, RNA contains uracil |
| What are the nitrogenous bases in DNA? | Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G) |
| What are the nitrogenous bases in RNA? | Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G) |
| What nitrogenous bases are purines? | Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) |
| What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines? | Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) and Uracil (U) |
| What chemical bond joins two nucleotides together at the backbone? | phosphodiester bond |
| What type of bond joins complementary nitrogenous bases? | hydrogen bonds |
| What nitrogenous bases pair together? | A-T. G-C. A-U |
| What chemical reaction joins nucleotide together to form DNA or RNA? | condensation reaction joins nucleotides together. |
| What are the different types of amino acid side chains? | positively charged (basic), negatively charged (acidic) uncharged polar, uncharged non polar, |
| which types of amino acid side chains are hydrophyllic and which are hydrophobic? | positively charged, negatively charged and uncharged polar are hydrophyllic while uncharged non polar are hydrophobic |
| What are essential amino acids? | amino acids that can not be synthesized by human body but have to be obtained from the diet. |
| What is a tertiary structure of a protein? | A 3-D shape of the polypeptide (protein) chain |
| What is a quaternary structure of a protein? | A 3-D asspociation of different fully folded polypeptide chains give a protein its quaternary structure |
| What shapes do proteins assume? | Proteins can be fibrous or globular |
| What are the thee types of lipids? | Simple Lipids – Triglycerides Compound Lipids – Phosphoglycerides, Sphingolipids, Glycosphingolipids Derived Lipids – Steroids (cholesterol) |
| What are components of a triglyceride? | glycerol and fatty acids |
| What chemical bond joins glycerol to fattly acids? | Ester bond |
| What chemical reaction between glycerol and fatty acids results in formation of triglyceride? | Triglycerides are made by a condensation reaction |
| what is a difference between satuated and unsaturated fatty acids? | Saturated fatty acids contain no C-C double bonds while unsaturated contain one or more C=C double bonds. |
| What are the three main groups of carbohydrates by size? | monosacharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides |
| What two structural arrangements can carbohydrate molecule assume? | straight chain or ring structure |
| What are the two types of glucose used as monomers in making of polysaccharides | alpha and beta glucose |
| What polysaccharides are made of alpha glucose monomers? | Starch (amylopectin and amylose) in plants and glycogen in animals |
| What polysaccharide is made of beta glucose monomers? | cellulose in plants |
| What glycosidic linkage is present in amylose form of starch? | alpha 1,4 glycosidic linkage |
| What glycosidic linkage is present in amylopectin form of starch? | alpha 1,4 glycosidic linkage and alpha 1,6 glycosidic linkage at branches |
| What glycosidic linkage is present in cellulose? | beta 1,4 glycosidic linkage |
| What glycosidic linkage is present in glycogen? | alpha 1,4 glycosidic linkage and alpha 1,6 glycosidic linkage at branches |
Created by:
dr.prorocic