Seminiferous tubules contain 2 cell types

spermatogenic cells and sustentacular cells

What are ways sustentacular cells support and protect developing spermatogenic cells?

nourish, phagocytize, control movements of spermatogenic cells.

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CH.28

Male and Female REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Question	Answer
Organisms produce offspring making germ cells	Sexual reproduction
Sperm and oocyte are called___?	gametes
Testes and ovaries are called	gonads
Store and transport gametes?	ducts
study of specialized branch with diagnosis and treatment of femal reproductive system	gynecology
diagnose and treat diseases and disorders of male reproductive system	urology
infertility and sexual dysfunction of male disorders	andrology
Haploid have ___ chromosomes	23
Diploid have ___ chromosomes	46
Meiotic have ___ chromosomes	46
Mitotic happens everywhere except	gametes
supporting structure for testes with subsutaneous layer	scrotum
divides scrotum into two sacs each containing a single testis	scrotal septum
septum is made up of a subcutaneous layer and muscle tissue	dartos muscle
dartos has ___ muscle	smooth
associated with each testis in the scrotum	cremaster muscle
small band s skeletal uscle that descend as an extension of internal oblique muscle through the spermatic cord to surround the testes	cremaster muscle
Normal sperm production requires a temperature of ____ below core body temperature?	2-3C
cremaster and dartos muscles contract in ____ temperatures.	cold
____ of the dartos muscle causes the scrotum to become tight (wrinkled)	contraction
contraction of the dartos muscle causes reduction in ___	heat loss
paired oval gland in the scrotum	testes
develop near kidneys in posterior portion of the abdomen and descent to scrotum through inguinal canals	testes
Scrotum lower anterior abdominal wall during the latter half of the ___ month of fetal development.	7
serous membrane which is derived from the peritoneum and forms during teh descent of the testes, partially covers the testes	tunica vaginalis
dense irregular connective tissue that extends inward, forming the divide of testis internal compartments called lobules	tuncia albuginea
Seminiferous tubules contain 2 cell types	spermatogenic cells and sustentacular cells
sperm-forming cells	spermatogenic cells
supporting spermatogenesis; Sertoli cells	sustentacular
What are ways sustentacular cells support and protect developing spermatogenic cells?	nourish, phagocytize, control movements of spermatogenic cells.
testes do not descend into the scrotum	cryptochidism
spaces between adjacent seminiferous tubules are clusters of cells	interstitial cells
Another name for interstitial cells	leydig cells
hormone that promotes the development of masculine characteristics	androgen
spermatogenesis takes ____ day	65-75
LH and FSH comes from	pituitary gland
is the process by which the seminiferous tubules of the testes produce haploid sperm.	spermatogenesis
It begins in the diploid spermatogia (stem cells). They undergo mitosis to reserve future stem cells and to develop cells (2n primary spermatocytes) for sperm production	spermatogenesis
the diploid primary spermatocytes undergo ____forming haploid secondary spermatocytes.	meiosis I
___ results in the formation of the haploid spermatids. The spermatids are connected by cytoplasmic bridges.	Meiosis II
The final stage of spermatogenesis is ____ which is the maturation of the spermatids into sperm.	spermiogenesis
The release of a sperm from its connection to a Sertoli cell is known as ___.	spermiation
consist of a head, midpiece, and tail	Mature sperm
At puberty, ___ releasing hormone stimulates anterior pituitary secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)	gonadotropin
___initiates spermatogenesis,	FHS
____assists spermatogenesis and stimulates production of testosterone	LH
controls the growth, development, functioning, and maintenance of sex organs; stimulates bone growth, protein anabolism, and sperm maturation; and stimulates development of male secondary sex characteristics	Testosterone
___ feedback systems regulate testosterone production	Negative
___ is produced by sustentacular (Sertoli) cells	Inhibin
___of FSH by inhibin helps to regulate the rate of spermatogenesis.	Inhibition
The ___ of the testes includes the seminiferous tubules, straight tubules, and rete testis.	duct system
The ____is a comma-shaped organ that lies along the posterior border of the testis (Figure 28.3).	epididymis
Sperm are transported out of the testes through the ___ducts in the epididymis which empty into a single tube called the ductus epididymis.	efferent
The ductus epididymis is lined by ____and is the site of sperm maturation and storage; sperm may remain in storage here for at least a month, after which they are either expelled or degenerated and reabsorbed.	stereocilia
The ____, or seminal duct, stores sperm and propels them toward the urethra during ejaculation	ductus (vas) deferens
The ____is a supporting structure of the male reproductive system, consisting of the ductus deferens, the testicular artery, autonomic nerves, veins that drain the testes, lymphatic vessels, and the cremaster muscle	spermatic cord
The principle method of sterilization of males is a ___ in which both ductus deferens are cut and tied	vasectomy
results in no sperm entering the ejaculate	vasectomy
The ____ducts are formed by the union of the ducts from the seminal vesicles and ducti deferens; their function is to eject spermatozoa into the prostatic urethra	ejaculatory
The male ___ is the shared terminal duct of the reproductive and urinary systems which serves as a passageway for semen and urine.	urethra
The male urethra is subdivided into three portions	prostatic, membranous, and spongy (cavernous)
The ___secrete an alkaline, viscous fluid that contains fructose, prostaglandins, and clotting proteins	seminal vesicles
The alkaline nature of the fluid helps to in the male urethra and female reproductive tract.	neutralize acid
The ____ is for ATP production by sperm.	fructose
___contribute to sperm motility and viability.	prostaglandins
____ is the main protein that causes coagulation of semen after ejaculation.	Semenogelin
The prostate gland (Figure 28.9) secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid that contains	citric acid, acid phosphatase, proteolytic enzymes
PROSTATE: ____, which can be used by sperm for ATP production
PROSTATE: several proteolytic enzymes, such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), pepsinogen, lysozyme, amylase, and hyaluronidase which ___coagulated semen	liquefy
The ___glands secrete mucus for lubrication and an alkaline substance that neutralizes acid	bulbourethral (Cowper’s)
___is a mixture of spermatozoa and accessory sex gland secretions that provides the fluid in which spermatozoa are transported, provides nutrients, and neutralizes the acidity of the male urethra and female vagina.	Semen (seminal fluid)
Semen contains an___, seminal plasmin, and prostatic enzymes that coagulate and then liquefy semen to aid in its movement through the uterine cervix.	antibiotic
Once ejaculated, liquid semen ___within 5 minutes due to the presence of clotting proteins from the seminal vesicles.	coagulates
After about 10-20 minutes, semen ____ because PSA and other proteolytic enzymes produced by the prostate gland break down the clot.	reliquifies
The ___ is the male organ of copulation that consists of a root, body, and glans Penis.	penis
It is used to introduce spermatozoa into the vagina	penis
Covering the___ is the loosely fitting prepuce, or foreskin	glans penis
___ is a surgical procedure in which part of the entire prepuce is removed	Circumcision
T/F: There is no consensus among physicians regarding the need for circumcision or the use of anesthesia during the procedure	True
Expansion of its blood sinuses under the influence of sexual excitation is called	erection
ejaculation, propulsion of semen from the urethra to the exterior, is a ___reflex.	sympathetic
___results from anxiety, other psychological factors and an over sensitive glans.	Premature ejaculation
The ovaries are paired glands that are ___ to the testes.	homologous
2. The ovaries are located in the ___cavity, on either side of the uterus.	upper pelvic
a. The___ covers the surface of the ovary but does not give rise to ova.	germinal epithelium
It is followed by the tunica albuginea, ovarian cortex (contains ovarian follicles), and ovarian medulla (contains blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves).	germinal epithelium
___, in various degrees of development, lie in the cortex and contain oocytes at different stages of gametogenesis	ovarian follicles
A mature ____expels a secondary oocyte by a process called ovulation	(Graafian) follicle
__ , fluid filled sacs in the ovary, are relatively common and usually not cancerous	ovarian cysts
The ___ transport ova from the ovaries to the uterus and are the normal sites of fertilization	uterine (Fallopian) tubes
Histologically the ___are composed of three layers: the internal mucosa, the middle muscularis, and the outer serosa	uterine tubes
___cells and peristaltic contractions help move a secondary oocyte toward the uterus.	ciliated
The ___is an organ the size and shape of an inverted pear that functions in the transport of spermatozoa, menstruation, implantation of a fertilized ovum, development of a fetus during pregnancy, and labor	uterus (womb)
Anatomical subdivisions of the uterus include the	fundus, body, isthmus, and cervix
The uterus is normally held in position by a series of ___.	ligaments
___ is a downward displacement of the uterus. It has many causes and may be characterized as first degree (mild), second degree (marked), or third degree (complete). The treatment depends on the degree of prolapse	Uterine prolapse
Histologically, the ___consists of an outer promethium, middle myometrium, and inner endometrium	uterus
The myometrium consists of three muscle layers
The ___ is divided into the stratum functionalis (shed during menstruation) and the stratum basalis (gives rise to a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation).	endometrium
___is supplied to the uterus by the uterine arteries and their numerous branches and is drained by the uterine veins	Blood
____ of the mucosa of the cervix produce a cervical mucus (a mixture of water, glycoprotein, serum-type proteins, lipids, enzymes, and inorganic salts)	Secretory cells
which, when thin, is more receptive to sperm and which, when thick, forms a cervical plug that physically impedes sperm penetration.	Secretory cells
The cervical mucus supplements the ___ needs of the sperm.	energy
Both the cervix and the mucus serve as a___, protect sperm from the hostile environment of the vagina, and protect sperm from phagocytes.	sperm reservoir
The cervix and the mucus also play a role in ___.	capacitation
___ refers to surgical removal of the uterus and is the most common gynecological operation	Hysterectomy
The vagina functions as a passageway for ___and the menstrual flow, the receptacle of the penis during sexual intercourse, and the lower portion of the birth canal	spermatozoa
The mucosa of the vagina is continuous with that of the uterus and lies in a series of transverse folds called ___.	rugae
___ cells are APCs (antigen-presenting cells) that participate in the transmission of viruses, such as HIV, to a female during intercourse with an infected male.	mucosa dendritic
The mucosa contains large stores of ____which decompose into organic acids which set up a hostile acid environment for sperm.	glycogen
____components of semen neutralize the acidity and increase sperm viability.	Alkaline
The ____is often partially covered by a thin fold of vascularized mucous membrane called the hymen.	vaginal orifice
If the ___is completely covered, this imperforate hymen must be surgically opened to permit menstrual flow	orifice
The term vulva, or pudendum, refers to the ___ of the female	external genitalia
It consists of the mons pubs, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, vaginal and urethral orifices, hymen, bulb of the vestibule, and the paraurethral (Skene’s), greater vestibular (Bartholin’s), and lesser vestibular glands	external genitalia
The ____ is the diamond-shaped area between the thighs and buttocks of both males and females that contains the external genitals and anus	perineum
during childbirth the emerging fetus may cause excessive stretching and tearing of the ___	perineum
A physician may make a surgical incision ____in this region to prevent excessive, jagged tears	episiotomy
The ___ are modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands that lie over the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles	mammary glands
Milk-secreting cells, referred to as ___ are clustered in small compartments (lobules) within the breasts.	alveoli
____cells surround the glands and promote milk expression.	Myoepithelial
The essential functions of the mammary glands are synthesis of milk, secretion and ejection of milk, which constitute ___.	lactation
___is a procedure in the breast size is increased. Breast reduction involves removal of breast tissue	Breast augmentation
___disease is the most common cause of a breast lump in which one or more cysts (fluid-filled sacs) and thickening of alveoli (clusters of milk-secreting cells) develop	Fibrocystic
The general term female reproductive cycle encompasses the ovarian and uterine cycles, the hormonal changes that regulate them, and cyclical changes in the breasts and the ___	cervix.
The ovarian cycle is a series of events associated with the maturation of an ___.	ovum
The uterine (menstrual) cycle involves changes in the ___to prepare for the reception of a fertilized ovum.	endometrium
The menstrual and ovarian cycles are controlled by ___from the hypothalamus, which stimulates the release of FSH and LH by the anterior pituitary gland (Figure 28.23).	GnRH
____ stimulates the initial development of ovarian follicles and secretion of estrogens by the ovaries.	FSH
___stimulates further development of ovarian follicles, ovulation, and the secretion of estrogens and progesterone by the ovaries.	LH
At least six different ___have been isolated from the plasma of human females, with three in significant quantities: beta-estradiol, estrone, and estriol.	estrogens
Promotion of the development and maintenance of female reproductive structures, secondary sex characteristics, and the breasts.	estrogens
Increase protein anabolism and build strong bones.	estrogens
Lower blood cholesterol.	estrogens
Moderate levels of estrogens in the blood inhibit the release of GnRH by the hypothalamus and secretion of LH and FSH by the anterior pituitary gland.	estrogens
___works with estrogens to prepare the endometrium for implantation and the mammary glands for milk synthesis.	progesterone
A small quantity of____ is produced monthly to relax the uterus by inhibiting contractions (making it easier for a fertilized ovum to implant in the uterus).	relaxin
During pregnancy, relaxin relaxes the ___ and helps dilate the uterine cervix to facilitate delivery.	pubic symphysis
___ inhibits secretion of FSH and GnRH and, to a lesser extent, LH. It might be important in decreasing secretion of FSH and LH toward the end of the uterine cycle.	Inhibin
The female reproductive cycle may be divided into ___ phases	four
During this phase, small ___ in each ovary begin to develop.	secondary follicles
Also during this phase, the ____ layer of the endometrium is shed, discharging blood, tissue fluid, mucus, and epithelial cells.	stratum functionalis
The ___, or proliferative phase, is the time between menstruation and ovulation. This phase is more variable in length that the other phases, lasting from days 6-13 in a 28-day cycle.	preovulatory phase
During this phase, primary follicles develop into secondary follicles and a single secondary follicle (occasionally more than one) develops into a vesicular ovarian (Graafian) follicle, or mature follicle.	preovulatory phase
This follicle produces a bulge on the surface of the ovary	preovulatory phase
The dominant follicle continues to increase its estrogen production under the influence of an increasing level of ___	LH
During this phase, endometrial repair occurs.	preovulatory phase
____ is the rupture of the vesicular ovarian (Graafian) follicle with release of the secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity, usually occurring on day 14 in a 28-day cycle.	Ovulation
The high levels of estrogen during the last part of the preovulatory phase exert a positive feedback on both LH and GnRH to cause ovulation	GnRH
____ promotes release of FSH and more LH by the anterior pituitary gland.	GnRH
The ___surge brings about the ovulation.	LH
Following ovulation, the ___ collapses (and blood within it forms a clot) to become the corpus hemorrhagicum	vesicular ovarian follicle
T/F The clot is eventually absorbed by the remaining follicle cells.	T
In time, the follicular cells enlarge, change character, and form the corpus luteum, or yellow body, under the influence of ___.	LH
Stimulated by LH, the ___ secretes estrogens and progesterone.	corpus luteum
The ___is the most constant in duration and lasts from days 15-28 in a 28-day cycle, the time between ovulation and onset of the next menstrual period.	postovulatory phase
With reference to the ovaries, this phase of the cycle is also called the ___, during which both estrogen and progesterone are secreted in large quantities by the corpus luteum.	luteal phase
if fertilization and implantation do not occur, the ___degenerates and becomes the corpus albicans, or white body.	corpus luteum
The decreased ___of progesterone and estrogens then initiates another menstrual phase (uterine and ovarian cycle).	secretion
If fertilization and implantation do occur, the ___is maintained until the placenta takes over its hormone-producing function.	corpus luteum
During this time, the corpus luteum, maintained by __ from the developing placenta, secretes estrogens and progesterone to support pregnancy and breast development for lactation.	human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Once the placenta begins its secretion, the role of the corpus luteum becomes ___.	minor
With reference to the uterus, this phase is also called the secretory phase because of the secretory activity of the endometrial glands as the endometrium thickens in anticipation of ___.	implantation
Women athletes who train intensively may develop three conditions which disrupt their reproductive cycle. This is known as female athlete triad and consists of ___, disordered eating, and premature osteoporosis	amenorrhea
BIRTH CONTROL: 1. surgical sterilization	(vasectomy, tubal ligation)
BIRTH CONTROL: 2. hormonal methods	(oral contraception, the Norplant implant, Depo-Provera injection, the vaginal ring)
BIRTH CONTROL: 3. intrauterine devices	(IUDs)
BIRTH CONTROL: 4. spermacides, barrier methods	(condom, vaginal pouch, diaphragm, cervical cap)
BIRTH CONTROL: 5. periodic abstinence	(rhythm method, sympto-thermal method)
BIRTH CONTROL: coitus interruptus	(withdrawal)
BIRTH CONTROL: induced abortion	(including the drug RU 486, or mifepristone).
The gonads develop from intermediate ___and are differentiated into ovaries or testes by about the seventh week of fetal development	mesoderm
The external genitalia develop from the ___	genital tubercle
___refers to the period of time when secondary sexual characteristics begin to develop and the potential for sexual reproduction is reached.	Puberty
Between the ages of 40 and 50 the ovaries become less responsive to the stimulation of ___hormones from the anterior pituitary.	gonadotropic
As a result, estrogen and progesterone production decline, and ___do not undergo normal development	follicles
___disorders are increasingly common with age, particularly benign hypertrophy.	Prostate
___originates in the sperm-producing cells.	Testicular cancer
It occurs most commonly in young men between the ages of 15 and 34.	Testicular cancer
An early sign is a __ in the testis, often associated with pain or discomfort. All males should perform regular testicular self-exams.	mass
In acute ___, the prostate gland becomes swollen and tender.	prostatitis
In ___, one of the most common chronic infections in men of the middle and later years, the gland feels enlarged, soft, and very tender with an irregular surface outline.	chronic prostatitis
___is the leading cause of cancer deaths in men in the United States.	Prostate cancer
A blood test can measure the level of ___in the blood.	prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
The amount of PSA ___ with the enlargement of the prostate gland and may indicate infection, benign enlargement, or prostate cancer.	increases
Treatment for ___may involve surgery, radiation, hormonal therapy, or chemotherapy.	prostate cancer
___, previously termed impotence, is the consistent inability of an adult male to ejaculate or to attain or hold an erection long enough for sexual intercourse	Erectile dysfunction
___refers to severe physical and emotional distress that occurs during the postovulatory (luteal) phase of the female reproductive cycle.	Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
___is characterized by the growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus.	Endometriosis
The tissue enters the ___via the open uterine tubes and may be found in any of several sites - on ovaries, rectouterine pouch, surface of the uterus, sigmoid colon, pelvic and abdominal lymph nodes, cervix, abdominal wall, kidneys, and/or ur	pelvic cavity
Symptoms include premenstrual pain or unusual menstrual pain.	Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
___is the second-leading cause of death from cancer in United States women.	Breast cancer
it is seldom seen before age 30, but its occurrence rises rapidly after menopause.	Breast cancer
Two genes increase susceptibility to breast cancer: BRCA1 (breast cancer 1) and BRCA2. Mutation of BRCA1 also confers high risk for ovarian cancer.	BRCA 1 (OVARIAN CANCER) AND BRCA2
Early detection - especially by breast self-examination and mammography - is still the most promising method to	breast cancer survival
include family history of breast cancer, especially in a mother or sister; never having a child or having a first child after age 35; previous cancer in one breast; exposure to ionizing ra	Breast cancer risks increased
hormone therapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, lumpectomy (removal of just the tumor and immediate surrounding tissue), a modified or radical mastectomy (removal of part or all of the affected breast, along wi	Treatment for breast cancer
Ovarian cancer is the __ most common form of cancer in females.	sixth
It is difficult to detect before it metastasizes beyond the ovaries.	ovarian cancer
age (usually over age 50); race (white are at greatest risk); family history of ovarian cancer; never having children or first pregnancy after age 30; high-fat, low-fiber, vitamin A-deficient diet; and prolonged exposure to asbestos o	Ovarian cancer risks
__ has no symptoms or only mild ones associated with other common problems.	Early ovarian cancer
___ and symptoms include an enlarged abdomen, abdominal and/or pelvic pain, persistent gastrointestinal disturbances, urinary complications, menstrual irregularities, and heavy menstrual bleeding.	Later-stage signs
___starts with cervical dysplasia and can be diagnosed in its earliest stages with a Pap smear.	Cervical cancer
There is some evidence linking cervical cancer to the virus that produces ___.	genital warts (papilloma virus)
associated with an increased number of sexual partners, young age at first intercourse, and cigarette smoking.	genital warts risks increased
___ is the most common form of vaginitis and is caused by the yeast like fungus Candida albicans.	vulvovaginal candidiasis
___ is characterized by severe itching; a thick, yellow, cheesy discharge; a yeasty odor; and pain.	candidiasis
The disorder, experienced at least once by about 75% of females, is usually a result of proliferation of the fungus following antibiotic therapy for another condition	candidiasis
___ is a STD caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. At present chlamydia is the most prevalent and one of the most damaging of the STDs.	chlaymdia
In most cases, the initial infection is asymptomatic and difficult to recognize clinically. 2. In males, urethritis is the principal result. 3. In females, urethritis may spread through the reproductive tract and develop into inflammation of the uter	chlamydia
__ is an infectious STD that affects primarily the mucous membrane of the urogenital tract, the rectum, and occasionally the eyes. The disease is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoreae.	Gonorrhea (“clap”)
Gonorrhea (“clap”) is an infectious STD that affects primarily the mucous membrane of the urogenital tract, the rectum, and occasionally the eyes. The disease is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoreae. 1. Males usually suffer inflammation of the	Gonorrhea/ clap
Syphilis is an STD caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. 1. It is acquired through sexual contact, exchange of blood, or transmitted through the placenta to a fetus. 2. The disease progresses through several stages: primary, secondary, latent, and	Syphilis
___ is an incurable STD caused by the type II herpes simplex virus (HSV-2). 1. HSV-2 causes genital infections such as painful blisters on the prepuce, glans penis, and penile shaft in males and on the vulva or sometimes high up in the vagina	Genital herpes

Created by: BonqweshiaJ

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