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Chapter 25
Anatomy and Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what does metabolism refer too | to all the chemical reactions in the body |
| what are entergetics | refers to the flow and transformation of energy |
| cells break down organic molecules to obtain what | Energy |
| where do most reactions within this provide most of the energy an average cell needs | Mitochondria |
| what do cells need to carry out reactions in the mitochondria | a reliable supply of oxygen and nurtients like water viamins, mineral ions, and organic substances. |
| where is each of the organic substances needed abdorbed at | O2 is in the lungs , other substances in the digestive track, cardiovascular carries the substances through the bloodstream to the proper destination |
| the full defintintion to metabolism is | all chemical reactions that take place in an organism. |
| Chemical reactions in the cells provide what | energy to maintain homeostasis |
| what 3 essential functions does metabolism do | 1. Metabolic turnover, the periodic breakdown and replacement of the organic components of a cell 2. growth and cell division 3. Special processes like secretion, contraction, and the propogation of action potentials. |
| all cells organic building blocks collect ina what | Nutrient pool |
| what is the purpose of the nutrrient pool | provide eneergy and create new intrecellular components |
| what is the break down of an organic substrate | Catabolism |
| the activity in the mitochondria releases significat amounts of energy. The ATP produced by the mitochondria , provides energy for what | Anabolism |
| what is anabolism | the synthesis of new organic molecules and other cell functions. Functions vary among cells types |
| in terms of energy,------- is an uphill process that involves the formation of new chemical bonds. | Anabolism |
| what 4 reasons do cells make new organic components | 1. To carry outstructural maintenance or repairs 2. to support growth 3. to produce secretions 4. to store nutrients |
| Mitochondia provide ------ that supports cellular ------- | energy operations |
| the cell provides --------to the ------ from its ------ and in return the cell gets ______ | Nutrients mitochondria nutrients pool ATP |
| because the mitochondria are picky , what happens | chemical reactions in the cystosol take whatever organic nutrients are available and break the down into smaller fragments that the mitochondria can process |
| what happes when the mitochondria recieves the nutirents from the cystosol | breaks those fragments down futher generating carbon dioxide water atp |
| what are the two activities to take place in the mitochondria | citric acid cycle and the electron transport system |
| Most cells generate ATP and other high energy compounds by what | breaking down carbohydrates ESPECIALLY GLUCOSE |
| while most ATP production takes place inside the mitochondria where does the first steps take place | Cytoplasm |
| what is Glycolysis | the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid |
| what does the process of glycolysis doe | through a series of enzymatic steps breaks the 6 carbon glucose molecule into 3 carbon molecules of pyruvic acid CH3-CO-COOH |
| the net reaction of glycolysis looks like what | GLUCOSE---2NAD+2ADP+2 PI+ 2 PYRUVATE+ 2 NADH + 2 ATP |
| what is oxidative phosphorylation | generation of ATP in the mitochondria in a reaction sequence that requires co enzymes and consumes oxygen |
| oxidative phosphorylation produces more than 90% of what | ATP |
| where does the main reactions take place for oxidative phosphorylation | in the electron transport system |
| what is the electron transport system | is a series of integral and peripheral proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane. the bases of OP is the formation of water |
| some specialized cells like what have no mitochondria and require all their ATP through what | RBC'sand glycolysis |
| skeletal muscles rely on ------- from ------- during period of active contractions | ATP glycolysis |
| when O2 is readily available , the-_______ provides most of ATP that cells need | mitochonria |
| name this | OIL RIG oxidation is loos, reduction is gain |
| what two steps of OP involve | oxidation reduction |
| the loss of electrons is what | a form of oxidation |
| the gain of elections equals | reduction |
| true or false oxidation and reduction are always paired | true |
| explain what happens when electrons are passed from one molecule to another | the electron donor is oxidized and electron recipient is reduced. This is important because electrons carry chemical engery |
| in a typical red-ox Rx what happens | the reduced molecule gains energy at the expense of the oxidation molecule |
| what is the electron transport system | a sequence of protiens cytochormes |
| what are the two parts of a cytochromes | proteins and pigments |
| what are the 4 types of cytochromes | b,c,a,a3 |
| the ETS does not produce ____________instead creates the conditions ____________ for ATP produciton | ATP directly Nessicary |
| what is |
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