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Chapter 12
Psychology of Learning and Behavior
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The term ___ refers to an innate tendency for an organism to more easily learn certain types of behaviors or to associate certain types of events with each other | preparedness |
| Taste aversion conditioning is a type of ___ conditioning in which a food item that has been paired with gastrointestinal illness becomes a ___ stimulus | classical; conditioned aversive |
| After recovering from a bad case of the flu, Robbie could not bring himself to eat oatmeal, which he had tried to eat during his illness. In all likelihood, Robbie has developed a ___ to the oatmeal | taste aversion |
| Robbie now dislikes other types of porridge as well, which appears to be an example of ___ | stimulus generalization |
| Robbie's aversion to porridge would most likely be ___ if he repeatedly ate it without experiencing any further illness | extinguished |
| According to the ___ effect, the strongest-tasting item in a meal is most likely to become associated with a subsequent illness. As well, a food item that was previously associated with illness will ___ the development of aversive associations | overshadowing; block |
| In keeping with the process of ___ , Robbie would have been less likely to develop taste aversion to oatmeal porridge if he had frequently eaten oatmeal before his illness | latent inhibition |
| Distinctive features of taste aversion conditioning, compared to other types of classical conditioning, include the fact that the associations can be formed over ___ delays, typically require ___ pairing(s) of the NS and US, and ___ | long; one; are specific to certain types of stimuli |
| In the classic experiment by Garcia and Koelling, the rats that had been made ill avoided the ___ water, while the rats that had been shocked avoided the ___ water | sweet; bright, noisy |
| In the experiment on taste aversions in quail and rats, the rates avoided the ___ water while the quail avoided the ___ water | sour; blue |
| According to the concept of ___ , certain types of stimuli are more easily associated with each other | CS-US relevance |
| Chaffinches easily learn to associate ___ with the consequence of hearing a song and ___ with the consequence of obtaining food | perching; pecking |
| Rats are biologically prepared to learn to avoid a painful stimulus by ___, while pigeons are biologically prepared to learn to avoid a painful stimulus by ___ | running; flying |
| According to Bolles, these types of avoidance responses are ___ defense reactions that are naturally ___ by the aversive stimulus | species-specific; elicited |
| In the phenomenon known as ___, a genetically based ___ pattern gradually emerges and displaces the behavior being shaped | instinctive drift; fixed action |
| In the experiment with the raccoon, the coin became a ___ that elicited a ___ of washing and rubbing | CS; CR |
| In ___, an organism approaches a stimulus that signals the availability of food. In such circumstances, the stimulus is best defined as a ___, while the approach behavior is best defined as a ___ | sign tracking; CS; CR |
| In ___, a pigeon will begin to peck a lit response key that is presented for 8 seconds before the ___ delivery of food. The peck in this situation appears to be functioning as a(n) ___ behavior | autoshaping; noncontingent; elicited |
| Later, when a peck is required for the food to be delivered, the peck becomes a(n) ___ | operant behavior |
| in ___, pigeons will peck a light response key that signals food delivery even when the act of pecking ___ the food delivery | negative automaintenance; prevents |
| Adjunctive behavior is an excessive pattern of behavior that emerges as a ___ of an ___ schedule of reinforcement for ___ | side-effect; intermittent; a different behavior |
| Adjunctive behavior is also referred to as ___ behavior | schedule-induced |
| An excessive pattern of drinking that is produced by exposure to an intermittent schedule of food reinforcement is called ___ | schedule-induced polydipsia |
| Studies of adjunctive behavior typically use ___ or ___ schedules of food reinforcement. This is because adjunctive behavior tends to occur when there is a ___ probability of reinforcement | FI; FT; low |
| Adjunctive behavior tends to occur ___ delivery of a reinforcer | just after |
| As the deprivation level for the scheduled reinforcer increases, the strength of the adjunctive behavior associated with it tends to | increase |
| The opportunity to engage in a n adjunctive behavior can serve as a ___ for some other behavior. This is in keeping with the ___ principle | reinforcer; Premack |
| The optimal interreinforcement interval for the production of adjunctive behavior is often in the range of ___ | a few minutes |
| Evidence that humans engage in adjunctive behavior includes the fact that studies of adjunctive-type behavior patterns in human subjects usually ___ an optimal time interval between reinforcers for producing such behaviors | find |
| Certain behavior patterns in humans, such as smoking and nail biting, are often associated with periods of ___, which ___ the notion that these may be adjunctive behaviors | enforced waiting; agrees with |
| It has also been noted that alcohol and drug abuse is most likely to develop in environments in which economic and social reinforcers are ___ available, which ___ the notion that these may be adjunctive behavior | infrequently; agrees with |
| Adjunctive processes may play a particularly important role in the development of addiction during its ___ stages | early |
| According to Falk, adjunctive behavior may be a type of ___ activity, which is an irrelevant activity dispalyed by animals when confronted by ___ or when they are ___ to achieve a goal | displacement; conflict; unable |
| One benefit of such activities is that it is often useful to engage in ___ of behavior(s) in a situation | a diverse range |
| The second benefit derived from such activities is that they may facilitate ___ a potential reinforcer | remaining near |
| To the extent that adjunctive activities facilitate waiting for, or working toward, a(n) ___ reinforcer, such activities may ___ efforts at self-control | delayed; facilitate |
| The basic procedure for the development of ___ in rats is the presentation of ___ meal period(s) each day along with access to a running wheel during the ___ period | activity anorexia; one; between-meal |
| Thus, ___ is an abnormally ___ level of ___ and a ___ level of food intake generated by exposure to a ___ schedule of feeding | activity anorexia; high; activity; low; restricted |
| As with the development of activity anorexia in rats, most instances of human anorexia begin with the person undertaking a ___ . As well, humans with anorexia tend to display ___ levels of activity | diet; high |
| A sharp increase in activity is usually associated with a ___ in food intake, which in turn can result in a(n) ___ in activity | decrease; increase |
| Anecdotal evidence suggests that, as with anorexia in humans, rats suffering from activity anorexia are often quite ___ in food | interested |
| Similar to anorexia nervosa in humans, activity anorexia in rats is more easily induced in ___ rats | adolescent |
| Activity anorexia in rats is most similar to the ___ type of anorexia in humans rather that the ___ type of anorexia | restrictive; binging-purging |
| Endorphins are a class of morphine-like substances in the brain that are associated with ___ reduction | pain |
| Congruent with the possibility that endorphins may be involved in activity anorexia, endorphins have been implicated in the feeling of ___ that is sometimes experienced following prolonged exercise | pleasure |
| This finding suggests that both activity anorexia in rats and anorexia nervosa in humans may be maintained by an ___ high | endorphin |
| From an evolutionary perspective, increased activity in response to decreased food intake could ___ contacting a new food supply | facilitate |
| This evolutionary perspective is supported by evidence that the activity anorexia cycle can be broken by suddenly providing ___ access to food | continuous |
| The activity anorexia model suggests that therapists should focus as much on establishing normal ___ levels as they presently do on establishing normal eating patterns | activity |
| Specific suggestions for minimizing the risk of anorexia in humans included eating ___ meal(s) per day, increasing exercise levels ___, and eating a diet that is ___ | several; slowly; well balanced |
| According to ___ theory, an animal's behavior is organized into a number of ___ , such as feeding and mating, each consisting of a set of relevant responses that can be activated in certain ___ | behavior systems; systems; situations |
| In terms of behavior systems theory, Bolles' notion of ___ reactions is concerned with responses that appear to be driven by the defense-against-predators system | species-specific defense |
| In the sign-tracking experiment with dogs, the light that predicted food seemed to activate the ___ component of the dog's feeding system | social |
| activity anorexia | An abnormally high level of activity and low level of food intake generated by exposure to a restricted schedule of feeding. |
| adjunctive behavior | An excessive pattern of behavior that emerges as a byproduct of an intermittent schedule of reinforcement for some other behavior |
| autoshaping | A type of sign tracking in which a pigeon comes to automatically peck at a response key because the key light has been associated with the response-independent delivery of food |
| behavior systems theory | A theory proposing that an animal's behavior is organized into certain systems or categories (such as feeding, mating, and avoiding predators), with each category containing a set of relevant responses that can become activated in certain situations |
| CS-US relevance | An innate tendency to easily associate certain types of stimuli with each other |
| displacement activity | An apparently irrelevant activity sometimes displayed by animals when confronted by conflict or thwarted from attaining a goal |
| instinctive drift | An instance of classical conditioning in which a genetically based, fixed action pattern gradually emerges and displaces a behavior that is being operantly conditioned |
| preparedness | An innate tendency for an organism to more easily learn certain types of behaviors or to associate certain types of events with each other |
| sign tracking | A type of elicited behavior in which an organism approaches a stimulus that signals the presentation of an appetitive event |
| taste aversion conditioning | A form of classical conditioning in which a food item that has been paired with gastrointestinal illness becomes a conditioned aversive stimulus |
| Taste aversion conditioning differs from other types of classical conditioning in that associations are formed despite very long delays between the | NS and UR |
| Deanna becomes ill several hours after eating a meal consisting of roast beef (which is highly familiar to her) and vegetable samosas (which are novel). She is more likely to develop a taste aversion to ___ as a result of ___ | samosas; latent inhibition |
| In an experiment on taste-aversion conditioning, the flavor of the food item serves as the | CS |
| Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an example of adjunctive behavior in humans? | sneezing |
| Under which schedule of food reinforcement would one be most likely to induce an animal to drink excessive amounts of water? | FI |
| In keeping with the principle of ___, it is more difficult to condition a taste aversion to the ___ food item in a meal | overshadowing; mildest tasting |
| The fact that autoshaped key pecks have a different topography when the reinforcer is food as opposed to water is most readily explained in terms of | Pavlov's stimulus substitution theory |
| Distinguishing features of adjunctive behavior include | it immediately follows consumption of the reinforcer; it is affected by the level of deprivation for the reinforcer; there is an optimal interval between reinforcers for its development (all of these) |
| In an autoshaping procedure with pigeons, food delivery is programmed to occur | following presentation of the key light for 8 seconds |
Created by:
jacob406