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Chapter 10
Psychology of Learning and Behavior
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Many behaviors are reinforced on a ___ schedule in which two or more ___ schedules of reinforcement are ___ available | concurrent; independent; simultaneously |
| If a VR 25 and a VR 75 schedule of reinforcement are simultaneously available, your best strategy would be to choose the ___ schedule ___ of the time | VR 25; 100% |
| According to the matching law, the ___ of ___ on an alternative matches the ___ of ___ obtained on that alternative | proportion; responses; proportion; reinforcers |
| On a concurrent VI 60-sec VI 120-sec schedule, the pigeon should emit about ___ as many responses on the VI 60-sec alternative as opposed to the VI 120-sec alternative | twice |
| If a pigeon emits 1100 responses on key A and 3100 responses on key B, then the proportion of responses on key A is ___ | .26 |
| If the pigeon also earned 32 reinforcers on key A and 85 reinforcers on key B, then the proportion of reinforcers earned on key A is ___. This pigeon ___ approximately match ___ of ___ to ___ of ___ | .27; did; proportion; responses; proportion; reinforcers |
| When the difference in the proportion of responding on richer versus poorer alternatives is greater than would be predicted by matching, we say that ___ has occurred | overmatching |
| When the difference in the proportion of responding on richer versus poorer alternatives is less than would be predicted by matching, we say that ___ has occurred | undermatching |
| In experimental studies of matching, the act of switching from one alternative to another results in a ___: a short period of time that must pass before any response can produce a reinforcer | change-over delay |
| This experimental procedure seems analogous to ___ situations in which an animal has to ___ a certain ___ from one food patch to another | foraging; travel; distance |
| In general, food patches that are separated by a very great distance will produce ___ , while food patches that are separated by a vary short distance will produce ___ | overmatching; undermatching |
| When greater responding is shown for a particular response alternative than would be predicted by matching, irrespective of the amount of reinforcement obtained for that alternative, we say that the organism has a ___ for that alternative | bias |
| Food patches that differ in the type of prey found within them may produce the type of deviation from matching known as | bias |
| According to ___ theory, the distribution of behavior in a choice situation shifts toward that alternative that has a ___ value. This shifting will cease at the point where the two outcomes are ___ in terms of costs vs benefits | melioration; higher; approximately equal |
| A rat faced with a concurrent VR 60 VI 80-sec schedule will spend more time on the ___ schedule than necessary to pick up all of the available reinforcers on that schedule. This result is consistent with ___ theory but contradicts what is known as ___ | VI; melioration; optimization theory |
| Shona spends a lot of time cleaning her apartment, which she quite enjoys, and little time studying, which she does not enjoy. Likely this distribution of behavior, which results from the tendency to __, __ maximize the amount of reinforcement in her life | meliorate; will not |
| One problem with melioration is that this tendency may result in ___ of a favored reinforcer with the result that we may experience long-term ___ to it. This means that our enjoyment of life may be greatest when we ___ have all that we desire | over indulgence; habituation; do not |
| Another problem is that melioration can result in too much time being spent on those alternatives that provide relatively ___ reinforcement and not enough time on those that provide ___ reinforcement | immediate; delayed |
| Behavioral approaches largely ___ the concept of willpower as an explanation for self-control | reject |
| Skinner analyzed self-control from the perspective of a ___ response that alters the frequency of a subsequent response that is known as the ___ response | controlling; controlled |
| Suppose you post a reminder on your refrigerator about a long-distance phone call you should make this weekend. Posting the reminder is the ___ response, while making the call on the weekend is the ___ response | controlling; controlled |
| Folding your arms to keep from chewing your nails is an example of the use of ___ to control your behavior | physical restraint |
| A problem with the use of self-reinforcement is that we may be tempted to consume the ___ without engaging in the behavior. This problem is known as ___ the contingency | reinforcer; short-circuiting |
| This can also be a problem in the use of ___, in which case we may engage in the behavior and not ___ ourselves | self-punishment; punish |
| Some people believe that self-reinforcement is really a way of making the completion of a behavior ___ salient, thereby enhancing its value as a ___ reinforcer | more; salient |
| This is also some evidence that self-reinforcement is more effective when others ___ about the contingency that we have arranged for ourselves | know |
| Bendura believes that self-reinforcement and self-punishment can work for people who are likely to feel ___ if they violate standards that they have set for themselves | guilty |
| From a temporal perspective, self-control problems arise from the extent to which we are ___ heavily influenced by delayed consequences | less |
| Self control is shown by choice of a ___ reward over a ___ reward. It can also be shown by choice of a ___ punisher over a ___ punisher | larger later; smaller sooner; smaller sooner; larger later |
| With respect to choice between rewards, the opposite of self-control is called ___, which is demonstrated by choice of a ___ reward over a ___ reward | impulsiveness; smaller sooner; larger later |
| An additional problem in self-control situations is that the delayed consequences tend to be ___ certain than the immediate consequences | less |
| Children who are ___ successful at a delay of gratification task generally keep their attention firmly fixed on the desired treat | least |
| The Ainslie-Rachlin model is based on the finding that as a reward becomes imminent, its value increases more and more ___, yielding a "delay curve" (or delay function) that is upwardly ___ | sharply; scalloped |
| If confronted by a choice between one food pellet available in 10 seconds and two food pellets available in 15 seconds, a rat would likely choose ___. But if 9 seconds are allowed to pass before the rat can make a choice, then it will likely choose the __ | latter; former |
| In the above example, as the ___ reward becomes imminent, its value comes to outweigh the value of the ___ reward | smaller sooner; larger later |
| One strategy for increasing self-control is to make the delay function (or delay curve) for the larger later reward ___ deeply scalloped | less |
| The delay functions for a pigeon will likely be ___ deeply scalloped than those for a human | more |
| The delay function for a 6 year old child will likely be ___ deeply scalloped than those for a 15 year old | more |
| Exposure to gradually increasing delays seems to make the delay function ___ deeply scalloped | less |
| A person is likely to be ___ impulsive in a pleasant environment as opposed to an unpleasant environment | less |
| From the perspective of the Ainslie-Rachlin model, the setting up and attainment of a subgoal related to a delayed reward serves to ___ the delay function for that reward, making it ___ deeply scalloped | raise; less |
| A ___ response is designed to either eliminate or reduce the value of an upcoming temptation | commitment |
| Such a response is most likely to be carried out at an ___ point in time when the temptation is quite ___ | early; distant |
| According to the ___ model, self-control is a difficult task because each temptation has only a ___ but ___ effect on our likelihood of obtaining the long-term goal | small-but-cumulative effects; small; cumulative |
| This model highlights the potential usefulness of establishing clear ___ for distinguishing between acceptable and unacceptable behaviors, since the point at which impulsive behavior becomes harmful is ___ clear | rules; is not |
| bias from matching | A deviation from matching in which one response alternative attracts a higher proportion of responses than would be predicted by matching, regardless of whether the alternative contains the richer versus poorer schedule |
| commitment response | An action carried out at an early point in time that serves to either eliminate or reduce the value of an upcoming temptation |
| concurrent schedule of reinforcement | A complex schedule consisting of the simultaneous presentation of two or more independent schedules, each leading to a reinforcer |
| impulsiveness | With respect to the choice between two rewards, selecting a small sooner reward over a larger later reward |
| matching law | The principle that the proportion of responses emitted on a particular schedule matches the proportion of reinforcers obtained on that schedule |
| melioration theory | A theory of matching that holds that the distribution of behavior in a choice situation shifts toward those alternatives that have higher value regardless of the long-term effect on overall amount of reinforcement |
| overmatching | A deviation from matching in which the proportion of responses on the richer schedule versus poorer schedule is more different than would be predicted by matching |
| self-control | With respect to choice between two rewards, selecting a larger later reward over a smaller sooner reward |
| small-but-cumulative effects model | Each individual choice on a self-control task has only a small but cumulative effect on our likelihood of obtaining the desired long-term outcome |
| undermatching | A deviation from matching in which the proportion of responses on the richer schedule versus poorer schedule is less different than would be predicted by matching |
| Janice found that after focusing for a long time on her assignment, she was unable to resist eating a chocolate bar and she couldn't force herself to go for her evening run. Which of the following models predicts this loss of willpower? | ego depletion model |
| During the evening, Rosalie can either watch television or read a book. This is best described as an example of a ___ schedule of reinforcement | concurrent |
| A commitment response is an action carried out at an early point in time that | eliminates or reduces the value of an upcoming temptation |
| Self-control can be enhanced through repeated exposure to rewards that are presented at | gradually increasing delays |
Created by:
jacob406