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Med Term Ch. 7
Respiratory System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Upper respiratory tract | consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea |
| Lower respiratory tract | consists of the bronchial tree and lungs Located within and protected by the thoracic cavity (thorax) or rib cage |
| Nose | air enters the body through here and passes through the nasal cavity |
| Nostrils | are the external openings of the nose |
| Nasal septum | is a wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sections |
| Cilia | the thin hairs located just inside the nostrils, filter incoming air to remove debris |
| Tonsils | help protect the body from infection coming through the nose or the mouth |
| Paranasal sinuses | air-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane, are located in the bones of the skull |
| Frontal sinuses | located in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows |
| Sphenoid sinuses | are located in the sphenoid bone behind the eye and under the pituitary gland, are close to the optic nerves, and an infection here can damage vision |
| Maxillary sinuses | the largest of the paranasal sinuses, located in the maxillary bones under the eyes. Can cause pain in the teeth |
| Ethmoid sinuses | located in the ethmoid bones between the nose and the eyes, are irregularly shaped air cells that are separated from the orbital cavity by only a thin layer of bone |
| Pharynx | (throat) receives the air after it passes through the nose or mouth, as well as food |
| Nasopharynx | first division, is posterior to the nasal cavity and continues downward to behind the mouth |
| Oropharynx | second division, is the portion that is visible when looking into the mouth |
| Laryngopharynx | third division, is also shared by both the respiratory and digestive systems |
| Larynx | (voice box) is a triangular chamber located between the pharynx and the trachea |
| Epiglottis | a lid-like structure located at the base of the tongue, swings downward and closes off the laryngopharynx so that food does not enter the trachea and the lungs |
| Trachea | transports air to and from the lungs (windpipe) |
| Bronchi | two large tubes which branch out from the trachea and convey air into the two lungs |
| Bronchioles | the smallest branches of the bronchi |
| Alveoli | (air sacs) the very small grapelike clusters found at the end of each bronchiole. Where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. |
| Lungs | are the essential organs of respiration, are divided into lobes |
| Right lung | larger and has three lobes: the upper, middle, and lower |
| Left lung | only has two lobes, the upper and lower, due to the space restrictions because the heart is located on that side of the body |
| Mediastinum | the middle section of the chest cavity and is located between the lungs |
| Pleura | a thin, moist, and slippery membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity |
| Parietal pleura | the outer layer of the pleura |
| Visceral pleura | inner layer of pleura that covers each lung, is attached directly to the lungs |
| Pleural cavity | (pleural space) the thin fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleural membranes |
| Diaphragm | a dome-shaped sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen |
| Respiration | or breathing, is the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide that is essential to life |
| Inhalation | the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward |
| Exhalation | the act of breathing out |
| External respiration | the act of bringing air in and out of the lungs from the outside environment and in the process, exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide |
| Internal respiration | (cellular respiration) the exchange of gases within the cells of the blood and tissues |
| Otolaryngologist | (ENT) is a physician with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the head and neck |
| Chronic bronchitis | a disease in which the airways have become inflamed due to recurrent exposure to an inhaled irritant, usually cigarette smoke |
| Emphysema | the progressive, long-term loss of lung function, usually due to smoking. Characterized by 1. a decrease in the total number of alveoli 2. the enlargement of the remaining alveoli 3. progressive destruction of the walls of these remaining alveoli |
| Upper respiratory infections (URI) | (acute nasopharyngitis) among the terms used to describe the common cold. Can be caused by any one of 200 different viruses |
| Epistaxis | (nose bleed) bleeding from the nose that may be caused by dry air, an injury, medication to prevent blood clotting, or high blood pressure |
| Rhinorrhea | (runny nose) the watery flow of mucus from the nose - symptom of URI |
| Sinusitis | inflammation of the sinuses |
| Aphonia | the loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds |
| Dysphonia | difficulty in speaking, which may include any impairment in vocal quality, including hoarseness, weakness, or the cracking of a boy's voice during puberty |
| Laryngitis | an inflammation of the larynx |
| Bronchiectasis | the permanent dilation of the bronchi, caused by chronic infection and inflammation |
| Pleural effusion | the excess accumulation of fluid in the pleural space. Produces a feeling of breathlessness because it prevents the lung from fully expanding |
| Pneumothorax | the accumulation of air in the pleural space resulting in a pressure imbalance that causes the lung to fully or partially collapse |
| Atelectasis | (collapsed lung) is the incomplete expansion of part or all of a lung due to a blockage of the air passages or pneumothorax |
| Pulmonary edema | an accumulation of fluid in lung tissues, especially the alveoli |
| Pulmonary embolism | the sudden blockage of a pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by an embolus that has formed in the leg or pelvic region |
| Pneumorrhagia | bleeding from the lungs |
| Pneumonia | a serious inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli and air passages fill with pus and other fluids |
| Aspiration pneumonia | can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs |
| Hospital-acquired pneumonia | (nosocomial pneumonia) a type of pneumonia contracted during a stay in the hospital when a patient's defenses are impaired |
| Walking pneumonia | (mycoplasma pneumonia) is a milder but longer-lasting form of the disease caused by the bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
| Anthracosis | (coal miner's pneumoconiosis) is caused by coal dust in the lungs |
| Silicosis | is caused by inhaling silica dust in the lungs and usually occurs after working in occupations including foundry work, quarrying, ceramics, glasswork, and sandblasting |
| Lung cancer | the leading cause of cancer death in the US, is a condition in which cancer cells form in the tissues of the lung |
| Eupnea | is easy or normal breathing |
| Apnea | the temporary absence of spontaneous respiration |
| Bradypnea | is an abnormally slow rate of respiration, usually of less than 10 breaths per minute |
| Tachypnea | an abnormally rapid rate of respiration usually of more than 20 breaths per minute |
| Dyspnea | (shortness of breath SOB) is difficult or labored breathing. One of the first symptoms of heart failure |
| Sleep apnea | a potentially serious disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep for long-enough periods to cause a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels |
| Airway obstruction | (choking) occurs when food or a foreign object partially or completely blocks the airway and prevents air from entering or leaving the lungs - Heimlich or abdominal thrust maneuver |
| Cyanosis | a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by a lack of adequate oxygen in the blood |
| Bronchoscopy | the visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope |
| Peak flow meter | an inexpensive handheld device used to let patients with asthma measure air flowing out of the lungs, revealing any narrowing of the airways in advance of an asthma attack |
| Phlegm | think mucus secreted by the tissues lining the respiratory passages |
| Sputum | phlegm ejected through the mouth that can be examined for diagnostic purposes |
| Bronchodilator | medication that relaxes and expands the bronchial passages into the lungs |
| Metered-dose inhaler (MDI) | administers a specific amount of a medication such as a bronchodilator in aerosol form |
| Endotracheal intubation | the passage of a tube through the mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway, especially when a patient is on a ventilator |
| Septoplasty | the surgical repair or alteration of parts of the nasal septum |
| Pneumonectomy | the surgical removal of all or part of a lung |
| Lobectomy | surgical removal of a lobe of an organ, usually the lung, brain, or liver |
| Wedge resection | a surgery in which a small wedge shaped piece of cancerous lung tissue is removed, along with a margin of healthy tissue around the cancer |
| Diaphragmatic breathing | (abdominal breathing) a relaxation technique used to relieve anxiety |
| Ventilator | (respirator) a mechanical device for artificial respiration that is used to replace or supplement the patient's natural breathing function |
| Hyperbaric oxygen therapy | involves breathing pure oxygen in a special chamber that allows air pressure to be raised up to three times higher than normal |
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karivanam