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CNS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The nervous system is composed of | Neurons and Neuroglia |
| Transmit nerve impulses along nerve fibers to other neurons. Comprised of cell body, axons, dendrites. | Neurons |
| Made up of bundles of nerve axons. | Nerves |
| Provide physical support, insulation, and nutrients for neurons. | Neuroglial Cells |
| Made up of brain and spinal cord. | Central Nervous System |
| Made up of peripheral nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. (Cranial Nerves extend form the brain, Spinal Nerves from spinal cord) | Peripheral Nervous System |
| The Nervous System provides. | Sensory, Integrative, and motor functions to the body. |
| Allows for feeling, thinking, remembering, moving, and awareness. Responds to changing conditions and stimuli in both the internal and external environment. Coordinates body functions to maintain homeostasis. | General Functions of the Nervous System |
| At the ends of the peripheral neurons and gather information and convert it into nerve impulses. Part of PNS and detect changes inside and outside body. Are modified dendritic endings of sensory neurons. Cells in ears that detect sound | Sensory Receptors |
| Are integrated in the brain as perceptions. | Sensory Impulses |
| To bring signals together, thereby creating sensations, adding to memory, or helping produce thoughts that translate sensations into perceptions. | Integrate |
| Conducts impulses to skeletal muscle. Consciously controlled | Somatic Nervous System |
| Conducts impulses to smooth and cardiac muscles, glands. Unconscious | Autonomic System |
| A fatty material that forms a sheath-like covering around the axons; it protects and electrically insulates and increases speed of nerve impulse transmission. | Myelin |
| Form myelin around axons in the brain and spinal cord. Do not contain a neurilemma. | Oligodendrocytes |
| Are the myelin producing neuroglia of the peripheral Nervous System. | Schwann Cells |
| Are small cells that phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris. | Microglial Cells |
| Two types of Myelin producing Neuroglial Cells. | Oligodendrocytes, Schwann Cells |
| Provide structural support, regulate concentrations of nutrients and ions, and form scar tissue to fill in spaces after a brain injury. | Astrocytes |
| Forms membraneous linings of spaces in the brain and spinal cord and covers choroid plexuses within the ventricles. | Ependyma |
| Has a cell body, with mitochondria, lysosomes, a Golgi Apparatus, chromatophilic substance and neurofibrils. Has solitary axon and dendrites | Neuron Structure |
| Membranous sacs similar to rough endoplasmic reticulum. Inside a Neuron. | Chromatophilic Substance |
| A network of fine threads that extend into the axon, maintaining cell shape and integrity. | Neurofibrils |
| Cary impulses or signals from other neurons or from receptors toward the cell body. Always unmyelinated. | Dendrites |
| Transmits the impulse away from the cell body to other neurons or effectors. May give off side branches. | Axon |
| A slight elevation of the cell body where the axon begins its extension. | Axonal Hillock |
| Cell membrane of a Neuron. Plays role in regenerating damaged axons. | Neurilemma |
| Narrow gaps in the myelin sheath between Schwann Cells. Allows for branches stemming from the axon. | Nodes of Ranvier |
| The smallest axons lack a myelin sheath, so they are... | Unmyelinated Fibers |
| Myelinated Axons in the CNS. | White Matter |
| Unmyelinated nerve tissue and cell bodies in the CNS comprise the... | Gray Matter |
| Found in the eyes, nose, and ears and have a single axon and a single dendrite extending from opposite sides of the cell body. | Bipolar Neurons |
| Found in ganglia and have an axon and a dendrite arising from a single short fiber extending from the cell body. Include all sensory neurons except some found in sense organs, such as eyes. | Unipolar Neurons |
| Clusters of cell bodies in the PNS. | Ganglia |
| Have 3 or more extensions. Arising from their cell bodies and are commonly found in the brain and spinal cord. | Multipolar Neurons |
| Carrying Toward | Afferent Neurons |
| Conduct impulses from peripheral receptors to the CNS and are usually unipolar, although some are bipolar. Are Afferent Neurons | Sensory Neurons |
| Are all mostly multipolar Neurons lying within the CNS that form links between other neurons. Connect Sensory Neurons to the brain. | Interneurons |
| Carrying Away | Efferent Neurons |
| Are multipolar Neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to effectors; cell bodies are often within the CNS. Are Efferent Neurons. | Motor Neurons |
| Refers to the existence of two opposite charges between two points. Important to the conduction of nerve impulses. | Polarity |
| Are charged due to the gain or loss of an electron, which are negatively charged particles of atoms. | Ions |
| Is polarized with an excess concentration of negatively charged, impermeable ions and molecules on the inside of the membrane compared to the overall charge of the extracellular fluid just outside the membrane. | Resting Neurons |
| Opposite charges attract, therefore energy must be used to separate opposite charges. But the coming together of opposite charges releases energy. Thus, separated overall charges between 2 points is... | Potential Energy |
| A measure of potential energy between two points. The greater the electrical charge difference, the greater the... | Voltage |
| When a polarized Neurons cell membrane is at rest it has a... | Resting Membrane Potential |
| Channels in Neurons that remain open. | Leakage Channels |
| Help maintain a greater concentration of sodium ions outside and greater concentration of potassium ions inside the membrane by active transport. Pumping action helps create a concentration gradient. | Sodium-Potassium membrane pumps |
| Maintains the concentration gradients responsible for diffusion of these ions in the first place. | Na+ - K+ pump |
| Excites the Neurons receptors, ions channels open. This will locally affect the resting potential of neurons cell membrane, causing a decrease in potential traveling down the dendritic and cell body membranes toward the axon. Ex. Heat, Light energy | Stimulus |
| When the membrane potential decreases by any amount and the inside of the membrane becomes less negative, the membrane becomes... Thus initiating a stimulus. | Depolarized |
| If a sufficiently strong depolarization occurs a... is reached, resulting in an... | Threshold Potential, Action Potential |
| Does not die and propagates over relatively long distances... | Action Potential |
| A stimulus Threshold potential will charge the membrane permeability to the sodium at the... of the neuron being stimulated. As the sodium channels open, sodium ions rush in, and the membrane at the... becomes depolarized enough to trigger and action. | Trigger Zone |
| Reestablishing the more negative state inside membrane. | Repolarized |
| Rapid sequence of depolarization and replorazation. Occurs in 1/1000th of a second. Another term for Nerve Impulse | Action Potential |
| Is conducted as an action potential is reached at the trigger zone. This spreads by a local current flowing down the axon, as adjacent areas of the membrane reach action potential, causing a wave of action potentials all the way to the end of the axon. | Nerve Impulse |
| Unmyelinated axons propagate action potentials continuously from one adjacent area to another over the entire membrane surface (from the axonal hillock all the way to the end of the axon terminal). | Continuous Conduction |
| Myelinated fibers (such as motor neurons stimulating skeletal muscles) conduct action potentials from one Node of Ranvier to the next, a phenomenon called... 30 times faster than continuous conduction. | Saltatory conduction |
| Ion channels are only found in spaces between the... so even though current flows thru axon continuously only at the... can ions flow through the ion channels in the membrane and generate action potentials. Thus A.P.'s jump from Node to Node. | Schwann Cells Nodes of Ranvier |
| If a nerve fiber responds at all to a stimulus, (that is, generates an action potential), it responds completely by conducting a nerve Impulse. | All or None Response |
| All... are the same strength, Greater intensity of stimulation triggers a greater number of action potentials on an axon per second. (As many as 100-700/sec) but not stronger individual impulses. | Nerve Impulses |
| Nerve impulses travel from Neuron to Neuron along complex... | Nerve Pathways |
| The junction between two communicating Neurons is called a... | Synapse |
| The fluid filled gap between them is the... across which the nerve impulses must be conveyed. | Synaptic Cleft |
| The process by which the Impulse in the presynaptic Neuron is transmitted across the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic Neuron is called... | Synaptic Transmission |
| When an Impulse reaches the... of an axon this triggers calcium channels to open and calcium ions rush inward from the extracellular fluid. | Synaptic Knob |
| Neurotransmitters that increase postsynaptic membrane permeability to ions will trigger depolarization and are thus... | Excitatory |
| Other neurotransmitters can function to increase membrane permeability to potassium ions, thus increasing the negativity of the inside of he cell as K+ ions flow outward and reducing the chance that it will reach threshold, and thus are... | Inhibitory |
| Produced by the Nervous System, most of which are synthesized in the cytoplasm of the synaptic knobs and stored in synaptic vesicles. | 50 different kinds of neurotransmitters |
| Type of neurotransmitter that Stimulates skeletal muscle fiber contractions... | Acetylcholine |
| Type of neurotransmitter Which can either inhibit or excite smooth muscles... | Norepinephrine |
| Rapidly decompose the neurotransmitters after their release. | Enzymes in the synaptic clefts and on postsynaptic membranes |
| Prevents continuous stimulation of the postsynaptic Neuron. | Destruction or removal of the neurotransmitter |
| How impulses are processed is dependent upon... | How neurons are organized in the brain and spinal cord. |
| Neurons within the CNS are organized into... which are varying numbers of neurons that work together to perform a common function. | Neuron Pools |
| Each pool receives input from afferent nerves and processes the information according to the special characteristics of the pool. | Neuron Pools |
| A particular neuron of a pool in the CNS may receive both excitatory and inhibitory stimulation; if the net affect is excitatory but subthreshold, this subthreshold stimulation of a neuron is called... | Facilitation |
| A single neuron within a pool may receive impulses from 2 more axons, which makes it possible for a facilitated Neuron to summate subthreshold stimuli from different sources, thus evoking a nerve Impulse that travels to an effector and evokes a response. | Convergence |
| Impulses leaving a Neuron in a pool maybe passed through several branches at the end of he axon that synapse with several Neurons. The net effect is amplification of one Impulse into several. | Divergence |
| A bundle of nerve axons, held together by layers of connective tissue. | Nerve |
| 3 types of nerves... | Sensory, Motor, Mixed |
| The routes nerve impulses travel are called... | Nerve Pathways |
| The simplest pathway includes only a few Neurons and is called... Includes a sensory receptor, a sensory Neuron, usually several interneurons, a motor neuron and an effector. | Reflex Arc |
| Automatic, subconscious responses to stimuli that help maintain homeostasis and carry out automatic responses. (Vomiting, Swallowing, Sneezing ect...) | Reflexes |
| No interneuron involved, just a sensory Neuron that synapses in the spinal cord with a motor neuron. Example is Knee Jerk Reflex | Monosynaptic Reflex |
| Occurs when body part unexpectedly contacts something painful, and involves sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. | Withdrawal Reflex |
| Membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. That lie between the bone and the soft brain tissues. Central Nervous System membranes. | Meninges |
| Singular for Meninges | Meninx |
| The outermost meninx is made up of tough, white dense connective tissue, contains many blood vessels, and is called the... | Dura Mater |
| Forms inner periosteum of he skull bones and in some areas extends inward forming partitions between lobes of the brain, and in other, rural sinuses. The sheath around spinal cord is separated by and epidural space. | Dura Mater |
| Pads spinal cord; filled with loose connective tissue and adipose tissue. | Epidural Space |
| The middle meninx Is thin and lacks blood vessels | Arachnoid Mater |
| Between the Arachnoid and Pia Mater. Contains cerebrospinal fluid. | Subarachnoid Space |
| The innermost meninx. Thin and contains many blood vessels and nerves. Attached to the surface of the brain and spinal cord and follows their contours. | Pia Mater |
| Begins at base of brain and extends as a slender cord to the level of the intervertebral disk between the first and second lumbar vertebrae. | Spinal Cord |
| Consists of 31 segments Each give rise to a pair of spinal nerves A cervical enlargement gives rise to those innervating the lower limbs. | Structure of the Spinal Cord |
| 2 deep longitudinal grooves that divide the cord into left and right halves... | Anterior Median Fissure, Posterior Median Sulcus |
| Made up of specific bundles of myelinated nerve fibers that comprise nerve Pathways called nerve tracts, surrounds a butterfly core of gray Matter housing interneurons. | White Matter |
| Part of gray Matter Never Myelinated | Cell Bodies |
| Contains Cerebral Spinal Fluid | Central Canal |
| 2 major functions of the spinal cord | Transmit impulses to and from brain, House the many spinal reflexes passing through |
| Tracts carrying sensory information to the brain are called... | Ascending Tracts |
| Tracts that carry information from the brain are called... | Descending Tracts |
| Largest and most complex portion of the Nervous System Contains 100 billion multipolar Neurons | The Brian |
| One of four parts of the brain Largest portion and associated with higher mental functions, such as memory and reasoning. | Cerebrum |
| One of four parts of the brain Processes sensory information | Diencephalon |
| One of four parts of the brain Coordinates voluntary muscular activity | Cerebellum |
| One of four parts of the brain Regulates certain visceral activities Nerve Pathways therein connect parts of the Nervous System | Brain Stem |
| Consists of two cerebral hemispheres Has deep ridge known as corpus callosum Surface of brain is marked by convolutions, sulci, (shallow groove) and fissures. (Deep Groove) | Structure of the Cerebrum |
| Lobes of the Central Hemispheres Named according to the bones they underlie | Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Occipital Lobe, Insula |
| Located deep within a sulcus within the cerebral cortex, beneath the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes; associated with visceral functions; integrates autonomic information. | Insula |
| Thin layer of gray matter Outermost portion of he cerebrum and contains 75% of all cell bodies in the Nervous System. | Cerebral Cortex |
| Unmyelinated nerve tissue and cell bodies in the CNS comprise the... | Gray Matter |
| Beneath the cerebral cortex lies a mass of... made up of myelinated nerve fibers connecting the cell bodies of the cerebral cortex with the rest of the Nervous System. | White Matter |
| 3 functional areas of the cerebral cortex | Sensory Areas, Motor Areas Association Areas |
| Located in several areas of the cerebral cortex and interpret sensory input that arrive from sensory receptors, producing feelings or sensations. | Primary Sensory Areas |
| Sensory Area for Vision within the... | Occipital Lobes |
| Sensations from all parts of skin in... | Parietal Lobes |
| Centers for hearing in the... | Temporal Lobes |
| Sensory Areas for taste and smell in the... | Caudel and Orbital Cortex |
| Lie in frontal lobes, anterior to the central sulcus. Here, Cell bodies send impulses that synapse with motor neurons in the spinal cord, which lead to skeletal muscles. Include frontal eye field Include areas that control movement of hands | Motor Areas |
| Controls the voluntary movements of the eyes and eyelids. | Frontal Eye Field |
| Neither primarily sensory or motor. They are found in all Lobes and connect with one another and other brain structures to analyze and interpret sensory experiences and oversee higher intellectual processes such as reasoning, judgement, emotions, memory. | Association Areas |
| Coordinates muscular activity to make speech possible, and a sensory speech area that is necessary for understanding written and spoken language. Located in association area of the brain | Broca's Area |
| Includes areas in occipital lobes that are adjacent to the visual centers, and that analyze visual patterns and combining visual images with other sensory experiences to recognize objects. | Association Areas |
| Masses of gray Matter located deep within the cerebral hemispheres that relay motor impulses originating in the cerebral cortex and passing into the brain stem and spinal cord. Help control various skeletal muscle activities. | Basal Ganglia (Basal Nuclei) |
| Inhibitory Neurotransmitter Called a "feeling good" neurotransmitter Parkinson's Patients are deficient in this neurotransmitter. | Dopamine |
| Are a series of connected cavities within the cerebral hemispheres and brain stem. Continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord, and are filled with cerebrospinal fluid. Brain has 1st, 2nd 3rd and 4th... | Ventricles |
| Narrow canal that connects ventricles | Cerebral Aqueduct |
| Specialized capillaries from the Pia Mater, secrete cerebrospinal fluid. | Choroid Plexuses |
| Found in the ventricles and the subarachnoid spaces and has nutritive as well as protective (cushioning) functions tot he brain and spinal cord. | Cerebrospinal Fluid |
| Lies above the brain stem and contains the thalamus and hypothalamus, optic tracts, optic chiasma, infundibulum, posterior pituitary, mammillary bodies, pineal gland. | Diencephalon |
| Lead to optic nerves supplying the eyes | Optic Tract |
| Crossover point of the optic nerves | Optic Chiasma |
| Stalk that attaches pituitary gland | Infundibulum |
| Part of pituitary gland attached to the infundibulum | Posterior Pituitary |
| Relay stations in the olfactory pathways Relay = to carry forward | Mammillary Bodies |
| Secretes melatonin which helps regulate sleep wake cycles | Pineal Glands |
| Functions in sorting and directing sensory information arriving from other parts of the Nervous System, performing the services of both messenger and editor. | Thalamus |
| Maintains homeostasis by regulating a wide variety of visceral activities and by linking the endocrine System with the Nervous system. Regulates heart rate and arterial blood pressure, body temp, water and electrolyte levels, hunger, body weight ect. | Hypothalamus |
| In area of Diencephalon, controls experience and expression (fear, anger, pleasure, sorrow) By generating pleasant or unpleasant feelings about experiences, the... guides behavior that may enhance the chance of survival. | Limbic System |
| Consists of mid brain, pond, and medulla oblongata, lies at the base of cerebrum and connects the brain to the spinal cord. | Brain Stem |
| Located between the diencephalon and pons, contains bundles of myelinated nerve fibers that convey impulses to and from higher parts of the brain, and masses of gray matter that serve as reflex centers. Contains centers for auditory and visual reflex | Midbrain |
| Lie between the midbrain and medulla oblongata, transmits impulses between the brain and spinal cord, contains centers that regulate the rate and depth of breathing. | Pons |
| Transmits all ascending and descending impulses between the brain and spinal cord. Houses nuclei that control visceral functions. Including cardiac center that controls heart rate, the vasomotor center for blood pressure control, control breathing | Medulla Oblongata |
| Supplying muscle fibers of the walls of blood vessels | Vasomotor |
| Other reflexes in the medulla oblongata are associated with the reflexes of... | Coughing, sneezing, swallowing and vomiting |
| Throughout the brain stem, hypothalamus, cerebrum, cerebellum, and basal ganglia is a complex network of nerve fibers connecting tiny islands of gray matter; this network is the... | Reticular Formation |
| When sensory impulses reach the... it responds by activating the cerebral cortex into a state of wakefulness; this, decreased activity in the... results in sleep; increased activity results in wakefulness. Filters incoming sensory impulses | Reticular Formation |
| Made up of two hemispheres Communicates with other parts of the Central Nervous Systems through 3 nerve tracts called cerebellar peduncles. Functions to integrate sensory info about position of body parts. Coordinates skeletal muscle activity. | Cerebellum |
| A thin layer of gray matter called... lies outside a core of white matter. | Cerebellar Cortex |
| Muscle or Gland, both outside the Nervous System | Effectors |
| Both Sodium and Potassium Ions are... charged | Positively |
| Deep ridge of nerve fibers that connect the to two cerebral hemispheres | Corpus Callosum |
| Surface of the brain is marked by... | Convolutions (Ridges), Sulci (Shallow Groove), Fissures (Deep Grooves) |
| Functions to integrate sensory information about the position of body parts, coordinates skeletal muscle activity, and maintains posture. | Cerebellum |
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brt1321