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Geology Exam 3
Chapter 10- Crustal Deformation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Stress? | force that acts to deform rock |
| What is Strain? | changes in the shape or size of a rock body (caused by stress) |
| Compressional Stress | differential stress that squeezes a rock mass as if placed in a vise, this stress shortens the rock body. (associated with convergent boundaries) |
| Tensional Stress | differential stress that pulls apart or elongates rock bodies (associated with divergent plate boundaries) |
| Shear Stress | involves the movement of one part of a rock body past another (associated with transform fault boundaries) |
| Elastic Deformation | rock deformation in which the rock will return to nearly its original size and shape when the street is removed |
| Ductile Deformation | a type of solid-state flow that produces a change in size and shape of a rock body without fracturing. occurs at depths where temperature and confining pressures are high |
| Brittle Deformation | occurs when stress breaks the chemical bonds that hold a material together. rocks that break into smaller pieces. |
| What factors influence the strength of a rock and how it will deform? | temperature, confining pressure, rock type, and time |
| How rocks deform... | rocks subjected to stresses greater than their own strength begin to deform by folding, flowing, or fracturing |
| What is the difference between a joint and and a fault? | joints are fractures along which no appreciable displacement has occurred, whereas faults are fractures along which one rock body slides past another (joint-pulled apart; fault-slipped past each other) |
| What are the four main types of faults? | dip-slip, strike-slip, normal, reverse |
| Dip-Slip Faults | faults in which movement is primarily parallel to the inclination of the fault surface. parts of dip-slip fault include the hanging wall (rock surface above the fault) and the footwall (rock surface below the fault) |
| Normal Fault | a fault in which the rock above the fault plane has moved down relative to the rock below |
| Strike-Slip Fault | a fault along which movement occurs horizontally |
| Reverse Fault | a fault in which the material above the fault plane moves up in relation to the material below |
| Fault-Block Mountain | a mountain that is formed by the displacement of rock along a fault |
| What are anticlines and what shape does it form? | a fold in sedimentary strata that resembles an arch (oldest strata are found in the center) |
| What are synclines and what shape does it form? | a linear downfold in sedimentary strata (dip); the opposite of anticline (youngest strata found in the center) |
| What are domes and what shape does it form? | a roughly circular upfolded structure. upwarping produces a dome (oldest rock in the center, youngest on the outside) |
| What are basins and what shape does it form? | a circular downfolded structure. downwarping produces a basin (oldest rock on the outside, youngest on the inside) |
| Strike (trend) | the compass bearing (direction) of the line produced by the intersection an inclined rock layer (or fault) with a horizontal plane |
| Dip (inclination) | the maximum angle of inclination of the surface of a rock unit or fault, measured from a horizontal plane |
| Monoclines | large folds in which strata are locally tilted on top of subsurface fault |
Created by:
dajankk