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Bio 105 Chapter 8
water and minerals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are naturally occurring, inorganic, homogeneous substances? | Minerals |
| essential mineral nutrients required in the adult diet in amounts greater than 100 milligrams per day. (macrominerals) | Major Minerals |
| essential mineral nutrients required in the adult diet in amounts less than 100 milligrams per day. ( microminerals) | Trace Minerals |
| what are the four minerals that are also known as shortfall nutrients? | Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, and Iron |
| what is the one mineral that is over-consumed by most people? | Sodium |
| water makes up about ____ percent of an adults body weight? | 60% |
| the brain, muscles, soft tissues, and bones all contain what? | water |
| the water of the body fluids is the_______ for all nutrients and wastes. | transport vehicle |
| What is water when it dissolves amino acids, glucose, minerals, and other substances needed by the cells? | solvent |
| what is water when small molecules dissolve in watery blood and must be removed before they build up to toxic concentrations then filtered by the kidney to excrete them? | cleansing agent |
| water can act as a ________to protect sensitive tissue such as the spinal cord from shock, pressure on the retina and lens for the eye. | cushion |
| water can _____ the digestive tract, the respiratory tract, and all tissues that are moistened with mucus. | lubricate |
| water aids in maintaining the body's temp, what is this special feature? | coolant |
| does water participates actively in what chemical reactions? | yes |
| the balance between water intake and water excretion | water balance |
| water loss: thirst, weakness, exhaustion, delirium, death | dehydration |
| a dangerous dilution of the body's fluids resulting in excessive ingestion of plain water. | water intoxication |
| headache, muscular weakness, lack of concentration, poor memory, and loss of appetite are all symptoms of what? | water intoxication |
| eating a meal high in ____can temporarily increase the body's water content | salt |
| how fast can water weight can change? | overnight |
| a change in the body's water content can bring out a temporary change in what? | body weight |
| the____ triggers the brain to register thirst and also releases a hormone to the kidneys to shift water back into the bloodstream from the fluid destined to become urine. | hypothalamus |
| Thirst, sudden weight loss, dry skin, cool skin, headaches, fever, fainting are all symptoms of what? | mild dehydration |
| pale skin, blue lips, blue fingertips, confusion, weak pulse, rapid breathing, shock, seizures, coma, and death are all symptoms of what? | severe dehydration |
| cardiac arrest, constipation, dental disease, gallstones, urinary tract infections, pregnancy/birth problems, and kidney stones are all symptoms of what? | chronic lack of fluid |
| a compound, usually medication, causing increased urinary water excretion: "water pill" | diuretic |
| water losses from the body must be balanced by water intakes to maintain what? | hydration |
| the brain regulates water ____, the brain and kidneys regulate water___? | intake, excretion |
| caloric beverages add to ___ intakes? | energy |
| air temp, humidity, altitude, and activity level effect what? | daily water need |
| how many cups of water does a man need to take daily from beverages? | 13 |
| how many cups of water does a woman need to take from daily beverages? | 9 |
| water constitutes up to ___% of fruits and veggies | 95 |
| water constitutes up to ___% of meats and cheeses | 50 |
| water generated in the tissues during the chemical breakdown of energy-yielding nutrients in foods | metabolic water |
| people can lose __ to ___ gallons of fluid a day | 2, 4 |
| water with high calcium and magnesium concentrations | hard water |
| water with high sodium concentration | soft water |
| high blood pressure | hypertension |
| what dissolves cadmium and lead from pipes? | soft water |
| flows from lakes, rivers, and reservoirs. | surface water |
| water that comes from underground aquifers | ground water |
| an underground rock formations containing water that can be drawn to the surface for use | aquifer |
| any of a number of processes that convert salt or brackish water into fresh water for drinking, industrial use, or irrigation. | desalination |
| what are some bottled waters disinfected with? | ozonea |
| all water comes the same two sources, what are they? | surface water and ground water |
| all drinking water is vulnerable to ___ from human activities | contamination |
| cells regulate movement by pumping____ across their membranes | minerals |
| compounds composed of charged particles (ions) | salts |
| major minerals form___that dissolve in the body fluids: the cells direct where they go. | salts |
| water follows what? | salts |
| when mineral or other salts dissolve in water, they separate into single, electrically charged particles known as what? | ions |
| ions dissolved in water carry an electrical current are called? | electrolytes |
| what type of proteins form the pumps that move mineral ions across cell membranes? | transport proteins |
| maintenance of the proper amounts and kinds of fluids and minerals in each compartment of the body | fluid and electrolyte balance |
| failure to maintain the proper amounts and kinds of fluids and minerals in every body component | fluid and electrolytes imbalance |
| calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, sodium, and sulfate | major minerals |
| Excess H ions in a solution make it an acid; they ____ the pH | lower |
| Excess OH ions in a solution make is a base; they ___ the pH | raise |
| act as buffers to help maintain body's fluids at the correct pH to permit life's processes. | minerals |
| molecules that can help keep the pH of a solution from changing by gathering or releasing H ions | buffers |
| the most abundant mineral in the body | calcium |
| 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the ____ and ____ | bones, teeth |
| an integral part of bone structure, and serves as a bank | calcium |
| the chief crystal bone; formed from calcium and phosphorous | hydroxapatite |
| regulates the transport of ions across cell membranes and is particularly important in nerve transmission | calcium |
| helps maintain normal blood pressure | calcium |
| plays and essential role in the clotting of blood | calcium |
| is essential for muscle contraction and therefore heartbeat | calcium |
| allows secretion of hormones, digestive enzymes, and neurotransmitters | calcium |
| three organs that quietly respond to calcium balance | intestines, kidney, and bones |
| a measure of bone strength | bone density |
| a reduction of the bone mass | osteroperosis |
| adjusts somewhat to dietary intakes and altered needs | calcium absorption |
| the second most abundant mineral in the body | phosphorous |
| ___ salts are critical buffers, helping to maintain the acid-base balance of cellular fluids | phosphorous |
| is part of the DNA and RNA in every cell and is essential for the growth and renewal of tissues | phosphorous |
| ____compounds carry, store, and release energy in the metabolism of energy nutrients | phosphorous |
| _____compounds assist many enzymes and vitamins in extracting the energy from nutrients | phosphorous |
| ___ forms part of the molecules of the phospholipids that are principal components of cell membranes | phosphorous |
| assists in the operation of hundreds of enzymes and other cellular functions | magnesium |
| is needed for the release and use of energy from the energy-yielding nutrients | magnesium |
| directly effects the metabolism of potassium, calcium, and vitamin d | magnesium |
| is critical to normal heart function | magnesium |
| ___ and ___ work together for proper functioning of the muscles | magnesium, calcium |
| ____ promotes contraction, and ____ helps relax the muscles afterward | calcium, magnesium |
| inadequate intake of this mineral results with vomiting, diarrhea, alcoholism, malnutrition, muscle cramps, and seizures | magnesium |
| stored in the bones can be drawn for use by cells | magnesium |
| U.S diets often provide insufficient____ | magnesium |
| the chief ion used to maintain the volume of fluid outside cells | sodium |
| helps maintain acid-base balance | sodium |
| is essential to muscle contraction and nerve transmission | sodium |
| the kidneys filter this mineral out of the blood into the urine | sodium |
| a decreased concentration of sodium in the blood | hyponatremia |
| high intakes of ___ correlate with high rates of hypertension, heart disease, and stokes | salt |
| over time a high diet of this mineral may damage the linings of blood vessels | salt |
| blood pressure values that predict hypertension | pre-hypertension |
| the DRI tolerable intake of this mineral is 2,300 mg/day | sodium |
| attracts water | sodium |
| takes place inside the cells | potassium |
| plays a role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance and cell integrity | potassium |
| during nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction, ___ and ___ trade places across the cell membrane | potassium, sodium |
| high intake of this mineral result in a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke | potassium |
| ____ is crucial for regular heartbeats | potassium |
| Can potassium intake be toxic? | yes |
| plays important roles as the major negative ion | chloride |
| companies sodium and helps maintain the crucial fluid balances (acid base and electrolyte balances | chloride |
| responsible for stomach acidity and assists in maintaining proper body chemistry | chloride |
| a necessary nutrient used to synthesize sulfur-containing body compounds | sulfate |
| helps strands of protein assume their functional shapes | sulfate |
| iodine, iron, zinc, selenium, fluoride, chromium, copper, mangnsese, molybdenum | trace minerals |
| a part of the hormone thyroxine | iodine |
| regulate the body metabolic rate, temperature, reproduction, growth, and heart functioning | iodine or thyroxine |
| people with this deficiency may feel cold, become sluggish and forgetful, and gain weight | iodine |
| severe mental and physical retardation of an infant caused by the mothers iodine deficiency during pregnancy | cretinism |
| every living cell, including plants and animals contain____ | iron |
| iron is mostly a component of the two proteins ____&____ | hemoglobin, myoglobin |
| in the red blood cells, carries oxygen from lungs to tissues thtoughout the body | hemoglobin |
| holds and stores oxygen in the muscles for their use | myoglobin |
| is needed to make new cells, amino acids, hormones, and neurotransmitters | iron |
| the ____ packs iron sent from the bone marrow into new red blood cells and ships them back out into the bloodstream | liver |
| what can cause significant iron loss? | bleeding |
| a hormone released by the liver in response to elevated blood iron & reduces irons absorption from the intestine and its release from storage | hepcidin |
| the iron-containing portion of the hemoglobin and myoglobin molecules | heme |
| dietary iron not associated with hemoglobin; the iron of plants and other sources | nonheme iron |
| compounds in tea and coffee that binds iron together | tannins |
| compounds present in plant foods that bind iron and may prevent its absorption | phytates |
| iron overload | hemochromatosis |
| the state of having depleted iron stores which at an extreme causes anemia | iron deficiency |
| a form of anemia caused by the lack of iron and characterized by the shrinking of blood cells and color loss | iron deficiency anemia |
| a craving and intentional consumption of nonfood substances like ice | pica |
| protects cell structures against damage of oxidation | zinc |
| makes parts of the cells genetic material | zinc |
| makes heme in hemoglobin | zinc |
| assists the pancreas with its digestive system and insulin functions to help metabolize carbohydrates, protein, and fat | zinc |
| is needed to produce the active form of vitamin a | zinc |
| affects behavior, learning, mood, and assists in proper immune functions | zinc |
| is essential in wound healing, sperm production, taste perception, nerve and brain function, bone growth, and normal development in children | zinc |
| lightened by yeast cells, which digest some carbohydrate components of the dough and leave behind bubbles of gas that makes bread rise | leavened |
| zinc supplements can interfere with ____ absorption | iron |
| works with an enzyme system to protect body compounds from oxdation | selenium |
Created by:
jossiecastle