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Humanities Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Archaic Smile | Used by Greek Archaic sculptors, to suggest that their subject was alive and infused with a sense of well-being |
| Archaic Smile (example) | |
| Verism | A from of realism in art or literature |
| Verism (example) | Cicero portrait |
| Patrician | Landowning aristocrats |
| Plebians | Poorer class |
| Senator | Person in the senate, usually a patrician |
| Orator | Public speaker, especially one who is eloquent or skilled |
| Orator (example) | |
| Piatas | The Roman virtue of dutiful respect toward the gods, fatherland, and parents |
| Triumphal Arch | Built after military successes |
| Triumphal Arch (example) | Arch of Titus |
| Coffering | A series of sunken panels in the shape of a square, rectangle, or octagon in a ceiling or vault |
| Coffering (example) | Pantheon, Rome |
| Barrel Vault | A vault forming a half cylinder |
| Apotheosis and Deification | Elevation of someone to divine status |
| Apotheosis and Deification (example) | |
| Epicureanism | A philosophy developed by Epicurus, who stressed simplicity and clarity of thought and believed that fear was responsible for all human misery |
| Stoicism | Philosophy that the wise live in harmony with the divine Reason and are indifferent to pleasure and pain |
| Pax Romana | The peace that existed between nationalities within the Roman Empire |
| Nerva | Good emperor, ruled 96-98 |
| Trajan | Good emperor, ruled 98-117, Trajan's column, forum, continuous frieze, no flutes |
| Hadrian | Good emperor, ruled 117-138, Hadrian's Wall Northern England, called an end to expansion and fix northern borders, rebuilt the Pantheon, Oculus |
| Antoninus Pius | Good emperor, ruled 138-161 |
| Marcus Aurelius | Last good emperor, son inherit kingdom, stoic philosopher, fought Germanic invasions |
| Gladiator | A man trained to fight against other men or animals in an arena |
| Fresco | A painting done in watercolor on wet plaster on a wall or ceiling so that the colors become part of the plaster and are fixed as it dries |
| Fresco (example) | |
| Insulae | Tenements with shops on the ground floor and living quarters above |
| Atrium | Open-roofed entrance, or central court in a Roman house |
| Triclinium | Formal dining room in the middle of the villa with three couches set for dining and food |
| Porphyry | A hard rock, typically reddish/purple. Used for the sculpture of Diocletian and the Tetrarchy. Extremely valuable |
| Spolia | The repurposing of building materials, or reuse of decorative sculpture on new monuments, such as the Arch of Constantine |
| Iconography | The visual images/symbols used in a work or art |
| Mosaic | A picture/pattern produced by arranging together small colored pieces of stone, tile, or glass |
| Tesserae | The small pieces of stone or glass that make up a mosaic |
| Aqueduct | A man-made channel for transporting water, often in the form of a bridge supported by tall columns across a valley, Pont du Gant |
| Catacomb | An underground cemetery, especially one consisting of tunnels and rooms with recesses dug out for coffins and tombs |
| Mystery Religion | Special relationship with God, closed membership, shared ceremonies, promise better afterlife, voluntary, Mithras, Isis and Horus, and Dionysus |
| Basilica | Large rectangular building with an apse at one or both ends |
| Nave | Center room, symbolic of Noah's ark, usually flanked by aisles |
| Apse | Rounded extension at the end of a basilica |
| Transept | The arm of the Latin cross church perpendicular to the nave |
| Clerestory | The topmost zone of the wall of a basilica, Windows above the nave |
| Narthex | The entrance hall of a Christian basilica |
| Atrium | Open roofed, kind of like a large courtyard |
| Confessor | A person who will be faithful in the face of opposition, but doesn't suffer martyrdom |
| Byzantine | Eastern half of the empire under Constantine, "New Rome", survived when western half of Rome fell and served as a military buffer between the state of Europe and the threat of Asian invasion |
| Icon | Sacred images representing the saints, Christ, and the Virgin, as well as narrative scenes such as Christ's crucifixion. Crafted in all media including marble, ivory, ceramic, gemstone, precious metal, enamel, textile, fresco, mosaic |
| Iconoclasm | The idea, practice, or doctrine of an iconoclast to destroy or ban religious images and their veneration |
| Dome | Rounded vault forming the roof of a structure, typically has a circular base |
| Spandrel | Areas between the arches of an arcade |
| Pendentive | Triangular curving vault section that supports a dome over a square space |
| Squinch | A straight or arched structure to carry a dome |
| Elevation | The arrangement, proportion, and appearance of a temple foundation, columns, and lintels |
| Basket Capital | Capital of Byzantine style with interlacing like a basket |
| Chi-rho | Early Christian symbol x I P |
| Zeus | Jupiter, Jove |
| Hera | Juno |
| Athena | Minerva |
| Ares | Mars |
| Poseidon | Neptune |
| Hades | Pluto |
| Dionysus | Bacchus |
| Hermes | Mercury |
| Aphrodite | Venus |
| Demeter | Ceres |
| Odysseus | Ulysses |
| Livy | Roman historian, wrote History of Rome |
| Julius Caesar | Politician, general, author, ruler, assassinated because people were worried he would make himself king |
| Augustus | Ends civil war after Caesar's death, founder and first emperor of Roman empire |
| Livia | Wife of Augustus |
| Nero | Bad emperor, successor of Cladius, blamed him for Rome's great fire |
| Diocletian | Bad emperor, 284-305, divided the Roman Empire, established tetrarchy |
| Constantine | 206-337, ruled Eastern and Western Empires, legalized Christianity |
| Justinian | 527-565, tried to recover the lost Western half of the empire, Hagia Sophia |
| Votive Statue, Mars | Todi, Etruscan |
| Apollo of Veii | Italy, Etruscan, different foot, arms reaching, more negative space, in need of extra support |
| Lid of a Funerary Urn | Volterra, Italy, Etruscan, Style and preference between cremation and inhumation. Look as they were, scene based on a real story |
| Senator with Ancestor Busts | Roman Republic, Barberini Togatus, |
| Bust of Cicero | Roman Republic |
| Aulus Metellus | Roman Republic, etruscan inscription on bottom of Roman robes, parent Etruscan names, Aulus Metellus |
| On Duty | Cicero, Roman Republic, best way to live, behave, and observe moral obligations |
| Catullus | Neoteric and lesbia poems, Roman Republic, love poetry, themes of fragility and distance |
| The Aeneid | Vergil, Rome, Augustan Rome |
| Metamorphoses | Ovid, Rome, Augustan Rome |
| Odes | Horace, Rome, Augustan Rome, Greek influence, sympathetic to Augustus |
| Ara Pacis | Rome, Augustas Rome, Augustus used his own money to rebuild Rome, altar of peace, temple like with panels, frieze copied from Parthenon, not generic people, important people and Augustus' family |
| Augustus of Prima Porta | Italy, Augustan Rome, |
| Garden Fresco from Villa of Livia | Italy, Augustan Rome, landscape |
| Satires | Juvenal, Imperial Rome, strong irony, speaks about societal problems like gambling and vice |
| Tranquility of Mind | Seneca, Imperial Rome, philosophy of stoicism |
| Mediations | Marcus Aurelius, Imperial Rome, philosophy of stoicism |
| Villa of the Mysteries | Pompeii, Imperial Rome |
| Arch of Titus | Rome, Imperial Rome |
| Flavian Ampitheater | Colosseum, Rome, Imperial Rome |
| Column of Trajan | Rome, Imperial Rome |
| Pantheon | Rome, Imperial Rome |
| Marcus Aurelius Equestrian Statue | Rome, Imperial Rome, man is much larger than horse |
| Pont du Gard | Nimes, France, Imperial Rome |
| Colossal Head of Constantine | Rome, Imperial Rome |
| Arch of Constantine | Rome, Imperial Rome, Constantine added works from Good Emperors to associate himself with them, example of spolia |
| Tetrarchs | Venice, Imperial Rome, purple stone represent royalty, Emperors look similar which shows solidarity, senior emperor has beard which represents wisdom |
| Mithras | Ostia, Imperial Rome, killing bull, cult statue |
| Jonah Sculptures | Phrygia, Early Christian |
| Old St. Peter's Basilica | Rome, Early Christian, law building, represented civic power, |
| The Confessions | St. Augustine, North Africa, Early Christian, memoir, |
| Church of the Holy Sepulcher | Jerusalem, Early Christian |
| Mausoleum of Galla Placidia | Ravenna, Early Christian |
| Hagia Sophia | Anthemius and Isidore, Constantinople, Early Christian |
| San Vitale, | Ravenna, Early Christian, both building and mosaics |
| Christ Pantcrator | St. Catherine monastary, Sinai, Early Christian, purple robes, hand represents the godhead, halo |
| By the early first century, Judaism had split into three distinct sects because of differences in | Philosophy |
| The Jerusalem temple was considered corrupt by the | Pharisees |
| In an effort to try to maintain a strong , collective Jewish identity after the Diaspora, rabbis | Wrote down the oral Torah |
| Typology primarily helped Christians come to terms with their Jewish roots by | Demonstrating the Hebrew Scriptures to be prefigurations of Jesus's life |
| Why are the gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke known as the synoptic gospels? | They tell the same stories in the same sequence |
| The Roman emperor Constantine actively supported Christianity in Constantinople by | Openly favoring Christians as officials |
| Early Christianity was syncretistic, incorporating into itself pagan traditions in order to | Convert pagans by presenting Christianity in their terms |
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