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Respiratory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Upper respiratory system | above the the larynx |
| lower respiratory system | the larynx and below |
| Functionally the respiratory system includes | the oral cavity, rib cage, and respiratory muscles |
| The nose is apart of | the upper respiratory Tract |
| Air enters and leaves the respiratory system through the | external nares (nostrils) |
| Nasal hairs called ________ serve as the first particle filtration system | |
| The___________ divides the nasal cavity into left and right sections | nasal septum |
| The ______ separates the nasal cavity from the mouth | |
| The superior portion of the nasal cavity is the _______ region | |
| Mucous secretions from the______________ and tears clean and moisten the nasal cavity | paranasal sinus |
| The _____________ warms and humidifies inhaled air for arrival at the lower respiratory organs | nasal mucosa |
| Breathing through the _________ bypasses this important step | |
| The pharynx is a ________ by the digestive and respiratory systems | chamber shared |
| The pharynx extends from the | nasal cavity to the entrances of the larynx and esophagus |
| What are the 3 parts of the pharynx | The nasopharynx The oropharynx The laryngopharynx |
| Only _____ passes through the nasopharynx while both food and air pass through the others | |
| Three large, unpaired cartilages form the larynx | Thyroid cartilage (largest) Cricoid cartilage Epiglottis |
| During _________ the larynx is elevated and the epiglottis folds back over the glottis to prevent entry of food and liquids into the respiratory tract | swallowing |
| Air flow from the pharynx and enters the larynx through the | glottis (a narrow opening) |
| Functions of the Larynx | Prevents food and liquids from entering the trachea Acts as a passageway between the pharynx and trachea Produces sound |
| The Trachea (windpipe) Extends from the ________ into the ________ to the _______ where it branches into the right and left pulmonary bronchi | cricoid cartilage, mediastinum, carina |
| The trachea Composed of _____________ tracheal cartilages | |
| The primary bronchi and pulmonary blood vessels enter each lung at the | hilum |
| The right primary bronchus is _______ in diameter than the left and descends at a steeper angle | |
| have no cartilage and are dominated by smooth muscle | Bronchioles |
| __________ further divide into tertiary bronchi which continue to branch into very small airways called | Secondary bronchi |
| Left and right lungs are in the left and right | pleural cavities |
| Inferior portion of each lung rests on the superior surface of the diaphragm | The base |
| Lungs have lobes separated by | deep fissures |
| Right side lobes separated by___________ | horizontal and oblique fissures |
| Left side lobes separated by an | Left side lobes separated by an oblique fissure |
| Respiratory bronchioles are connected | connected to alveoli along alveolar ducts |
| Alveolar ducts end at | alveolar sacs |
| Each alveolus has an extensive network of | capillaries |
| For gas to enter or leave a cell it must be | dissolved in a liquid |
| The inside of each alveolus is coated with a | thin layer of fluid |
| ___________________ is contained in the fluid | |
| It is an oily secretion which coats alveolar surfaces and reduces surface tension to keep the alveolus from collapsing | |
| Two pleural cavities are separated by the | mediastinum |
| The Pleura Consists of two layers | Parietal pleura Visceral pleura |
| Parietal pleura | - lines the thoracic cavity |
| Visceral pleura | – covers the surface of the lungs |
| Pleural fluid Lubricates | space between two layers |
| Respiration | Refers to two integrated processes |
| External respiration | Includes all processes involved in exchanging O2 and CO2 with the environment |
| Internal respiration | Involves the uptake of O2 and production of CO2 within individual cells |
| Three Processes of External Respiration | 1.) Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) 2.) Gas diffusion 3.) Transport of O2 and CO2 |
| Gas diffusion | Across membranes and capillaries |
| Transport of O2 and CO2 | Between alveolar capillaries Between capillary beds in other tissues |
| Pulmonary Ventilation | The physical movement of air in and out of the respiratory tract |
| Driven by ______________________ pressure | |
| When the pressure inside the lungs drops lower than the atmospheric pressure, __________ occurs | inspiration |
| Reverses with _________________ | |
| Pulmonary ventilation Provides | alveolar ventilation |
| Gas Pressure and Volume | Boyle’s Law |
| Defines the relationship between gas pressure and volume | P = 1/V |
| In a contained gas: | External pressure forces molecules closer together Movement of gas molecules exerts pressure on container |
| Elevation of the rib cage and contraction of the diaphragm increase the size of the thoracic cavity. Pressure within the thoracic cavity decreases, and air flows into the lungs | Inhalation. |
| When the rib cage returns to its original position and the diaphragm relaxes, the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. Pressure increases, and air moves out of the lungs | Exhalation |
| Muscles used in inhalation are the: | Diaphragm External intercostal muscles Accessory muscles assist in elevating ribs |
| Contraction draws air into lungs | Diaphragm |
| Diaphragm uses _____ % of normal air movement | |
| Assists with inhalation | External intercostal muscles |
| External intercostal muscles uses _____ % of normal air movement | |
| Accessory muscles assist in elevating ribs | Sternocleidomastoid Serratus anterior Pectoralis minor Scalene muscles |
| Muscles Used in Exhalation | Internal intercostal and transversus thoracis muscles Abdominal muscles |
| Internal intercostal and transversus thoracis muscles | Depress the ribs |
| Abdominal muscles | Compress the abdomen Force diaphragm upward |
| Quiet Breathing | Eupnea |
| Quiet Breathing Involves active | inhalation and passive exhalation |
| Quiet Breathing Diaphragmatic breathing | deep breathing |
| Diaphragmatic breathing or deep breathing Dominated by the ______________________ | |
| Costal breathing | shallow breathing |
| Costal breathing or shallow breathing Dominated by ________________ movements | |
| Forced Breathing | Hyperpnea |
| Respiratory Performance and Volume Relationships | Total lung volume is divided into a series of volumes and capacities useful in diagnosing problems |
| Four Pulmonary Volumes | Resting tidal volume (Vt) Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) Residual volume Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) |
| Resting tidal volume (Vt) | The amount of air moved into and out of the lungs during a single respiratory cycle |
| Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) | Air voluntarily expelled after respiratory cycle |
| Residual volume | Air that remains after maximal exhalation |
| Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) | Air taken in above tidal volume |
| Four Calculated Respiratory Capacities | Inspiratory capacity Functional residual capacity (FRC) Vital capacity Total lung capacity |
| Inspiratory capacity | Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume |
| Functional residual capacity (FRC) | Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume |
| Vital capacity | Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume |
| Total lung capacity | Vital capacity + residual volume |
| Gas Exchange | Occurs between blood and alveolar air Across the respiratory membrane |
| Gas Exchange Depends on: | Partial pressures of the gases Diffusion of molecules between gas and liquid |
| Diffusion occurs in response to | concentration gradients |
| Blood arriving in pulmonary arteries has | Low PO2 High PCO2 |
| The concentration gradient causes: | O2 to enter blood CO2 to leave blood |
| Rapid exchange allows blood and alveolar air to reach | Rapid exchange allows blood and alveolar air to reach equilibrium |
Created by:
Charon514