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Psych 1010- Test #2
Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 1. _____ is a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience. | Learning |
| 2. _____ is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping. | Behaviorism |
| 3. Which of the following is true with regard to the principles of behaviorism? | Understanding the causes of behavior required looking at the environmental impact. |
| 4. In classical conditioning, organisms learn the association between two _____. | Stimuli |
| 5. Organisms learn about the consequences of behavior through _____. | Operant Conditioning |
| 6. Classical and operant conditioning involve learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through _____. | Association/observation and imitation |
| 7. Organisms learn the association between two stimuli through _____ whereas organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence through _____. | Classical Conditioning: operant conditioning |
| 8. Pavlov's dog automatically salivated to food because food is a (n) _____. | Unconditioned Stimulus |
| 99. Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he springs a pop quiz on his students, he typically goes to the classroom door and closes it. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom doo | Conditioned Stimulus |
| 10. You feel fine at the picnic until a spider very similar to the one that bit you last year and made you sick starts to walk onto your picnic blanket. This reaction is most likely a (n) _____. | Conditioned Response |
| 11. What is an example of an unconditioned response? | Sneezing in response to sniffing pepper |
| 12. According to Thorndike's law of effect _____. | Behaviors followed by desirable outcomes are strengthend and behaviors followed by undesirable outcomes are weakened |
| 13. The process by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again is called _____. | reinforcement |
| 14. The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior is called _____. | positive reinforcement |
| 15. The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior is called _____. | Negative punishment |
| 16. Todd is scolded each time he bullies his little brother by taking away his toys. His mother notices that the frequency of bullying has decreased. Scolding Todd is an example of _____. | Positive punishment |
| 17. Larry is grounded each time he hits his little brother. After a few times of being grounded, Larry's misbehavior toward his little brother decreases. Grounding Larry is an example of _____. | Negative punishment |
| 18. According to Bandura's model of observational learning, what are the four primary processes involved in observational learning? | Attention, retention, motor reproduction, reinforcement |
| 19. _____ involves retaining information over time. | Memory |
| 20. Attention, deep processing, elaboration, and the use of mental imagery are _____ processes. | encoding |
| 21. _____ is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time. | Sustained attention |
| 22. _____ refers to the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding. | Elaboration |
| 23. According to _____, memory for pictures is better than memory for words because pictures, at least those that can be named, are stored as both image codes and verbal codes. | the dual-code hypothesis |
| 24. _____ states that memory storage involves three separate systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. | Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory |
| 25. Which of the following memory systems has a time frame of up to 30 seconds? | Short-term memory |
| 26. Information can last up to a lifetime in _____. | long-term memory |
| 27. Sensory memory _____. | holds information acquired through our senses for a brief amount of time. |
| 28. When you are asked to recall your first day of kindergarten, you rely on _____, whereas when you are asked to recall the name of a person you just met a few seconds ago, you rely on _____. | long-term/short-tem |
| 29. _____ refers to auditory sensory memory, whereas _____ refers to visual sensory memory. | Echoic memory/iconic memory |
| 30. Chunking involves _____. | reorganizing information that exceeds the 7 plus or minus 2 rule into smaller meaningful units |
| 31. Shannon is an excellent student. She rewrites her class notes after each class. Rewriting her notes is a form of _____. | Rehearsal |
| 32. Which of the following can be further subdivided into episodic and semantic memory? | Explicit |
| 33. A person's knowledge about the world is known as _____ memory. | Semantic |
| 34. Jillian was in a car accident and sustained a serious head trauma. Since the surgery, she has forgotten her name, career, and other vital information about herself. Yet, she is still able to talk, know what words mean, and have general knowledge abo | episodic memory/semantic memory |
| 35. People very quickly adapt to the procedures and behaviors appropriate at a birthday party. General knowledge of what to expect and how to behave at a birthday is called a(n)_____. | Script |
| 36. Retrieval is the process of _____. | bringing information to min whenever needed |
| 37. The _____ is the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle. | serial position effect |
| 38. Having a better memory for items at the beginning of a list demonstrates the _____, whereas having a better memory for items at the end of a list demonstrates the _____. | primacy effect/recency effect |
| 39. Multiple choice exams involve testing a student's _____ abilities, whereas essay exams involve testing _____ abilities. | recognition/recall |
| 40. Motivated forgetting and repressed memories are usually associated with what type of memories? | Traumatic Memories |
| 41. Janel was sexually abused by her uncle when she was 5 years old. This experience was so devastating and traumatic that she removed the memory from her conscious awareness. This is an example of a(n) _____. A. implicit memory | repressed memory |
| 42. The type of effortful retrieval associated with a person's feeling that he or she knows something (say, a word or a name) but cannot quite pull it out of memory is known as _____. | tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon |
Created by:
michellemmcneely