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Meiosis and Mitosis
Cell Bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In the cell cycle, _______ is when the cell grows and carries out normal metabolism and organelles duplicate. | G1 |
| In the cell cycle, _________ is when DNA replication and chromosome duplication occurs. | S |
| In the cell cycle, ______ is when the cell grows and prepares for mitosis. | G2 |
| Interphase includes what phases? | G1,S,G2 |
| Transcription and translation take place throughout _____________. | interphase |
| ___________ is dispersed in interphase for transcription and replication. | Chromatin |
| In addition to DNA replication, _________ and ____________ are replicated in S-phase in preparation for mitosis. | histones, centrioles |
| _____________ condenses into _____________ and forms mitotic ______________ in mitosis. Since it is condensed, __________ and _________ stop. | chromatin, chromatid, chromosomes, transcription, replication |
| If there is no G1 or G2 and only S-phase, what happens to the cells? What are examples? | They divide a lot but don't grow. Embyronic cells, spermatogonia |
| If a cell is stuck in G1 or G0, what happens to the cell? What are examples? | There is no division. Neurons, muscle cells, RBCs |
| If a cell is inducible, it progresses from _______ to ________ if triggered. What are examples? | G1 to S. Lymphocytes, liver cells, cancer cells |
| The mitotic spindle contains two ________, each of which has two _________. | centrosomes, centrioles |
| _________ are fibers of DNA and associated protein that constitute chromosomes. | Chromatin |
| __________ are threadlike strands that are composed of the nuclear DNA of eukaryotic cells and are the carriers of genetic information | chromosomes |
| ___________ are paired, rod-shaped members of mitotic chromosomes that together represent the duplicated chromosomes formed during replication in interphase. | Chromatid |
| Metabolic labeling with 3H thymidine only happens during what? | S-phase |
| What phases are controlled by soluble factors? | S-phase and mitosis |
| G1 chromosomes are compacted due to exposure to what? | cytoplasm of a mitotic cell |
| ________ stimulates entry into mitosis, as seen by the compaction of DNA. It is made of _______ + __________. | Maturation-promoting factor. protein kinase + cyclin |
| ____________ are enzymes that phosphorylate specific proteins | Kinases |
| ________ is part of the MPF complex which regulates its activity. | Cyclin |
| ___________ stimulates the progression from G1 to S-phase. _________ stimulates progression from G2 to mitosis. | G1 cyclin, Mitotic cyclin |
| Mitotic cyclin B1 accumulates in the ________ in the start of mitosis. | nucleus |
| ______________ can act as molecular brakes to stop the cell cycle from progressing to the next step. | CdK inhibitor proteins |
| The ________ checkpoint sees if the environment is favorable. | G1 |
| The ________ checkpoint sees if all DNA replicated and repaired. | G2 |
| The __________ checkpoint sees if all chromosomes are properly attached to the mitotic spindle. | Mitosis |
| ___________ is a single set of genetic information. Single genome. | Haploid |
| _________ is two full sets of genetic information. Two copies of the genome. | Diploid |
| _________ is many sets of genetic information. | polyploidy |
| _______ is the number of sets or copies of genetic information. | ploidy (n) |
| Human cells are mostly _______________ in G1. | 2n2x2c |
| In G1, there are _______ chromosomes. They each consist of _______, ___________ DNA. | 46, linear, double-stranded |
| In S phase, each chromosome doubles but the two products of DNA replication stay together and are called ______________. Each one is a _____________. The cell is now ___n___x | sister chromatids, double helix, 2n4x |
| In mitosis, 46 chromosomes condense and can be seen to consist of what? | 2 sister chromatids each. |
| Sister chromatids are held together by _________. | Cohesin |
| After S-phase, there are ____ chromatids and ____ chromosomes. Why? | 92, 46, because each chromosome consists of two double helices |
| During ________ of mitosis, paired homologous sister chromatids align at the middle of the cell. The paired 92 ___________ make 46 _________. | metaphase, chromatids, mitotic chromosomes |
| The goal of mitosis is to make _______ copies of cells with the same ________ and _______ content. There is no change in n. | two, ploidy, DNA content |
| In _________ of mitosis, chromosomal material condenses to form compact mitotic _________, which are seen to be composed of two _______ attached at the ______. | prophase, chromosomes,chromatids, centromere |
| In _________ of mitosis, the cytoskeleton is _________ and the mitotic spindle is ____________. | prophase, disassembled, assembled |
| In _________ of mitosis, the nuclear envelope disperses. | prophase |
| In ____________ of mitosis, chromosomal microtubules attach to ___________ of chromosomes. Chromosomes are moved to __________. | prometaphase, kinetochores, spindle equator |
| Homologous chromosomes have the same ________ but different __________. They (are/aren't?) identical. | genes, alleles, aren't |
| When sister chromatids split, are no changes in the ___________ of chromosomes. | number of sets |
| In _____________ of mitosis, chromosomes make sure they are attached correctly to spindle. | Prometaphase |
| In _________ of mitosis, chromosomes are aligned along the metaphase plate, attached by _________________ to both poles. | metaphase, chromosomal MTs |
| In __________ of mitosis, __________ split and chromatids separate. | Anaphase, centromeres |
| In Anaphase _____ of mitosis, chromosomes moved to opposite poles. Poles stay still and _____ get shorter. | A, MTs |
| In Anaphase _____ of mitosis, spindle poles move farther apart to get ____________ away from each other. | B, sister chromatids |
| In ___________ of mitosis, chromosomes cluster at opposite spindle points. __________ forms around chromosome clusters. Daughter cells are formed by __________. | Telophase, nuclear envelope, cytokinesis |
| __________ helps to keep the two products of DNA replication (________________) together after ____ phase, through ________, and into _______. | cohesin, sister chromatids, S, G2, mitosis |
| Phosphorylation of cohesin in early _________ causes a loss of cohesin between sister chromatids except at the _________. | prophase, centromere |
| __________ helps to compact and supercoil DNA in prophase. | Condensin |
| The __________ is a protein complex attached to the centromere. | Kinetochore |
| In humans all somatic cells have ______ chromosomes. ___________ contain 23 chromosomes. | 46, gametes |
| In normal humans, there are two of each chromosome, one from mom and one from dad, called _________. Each has two ______________________. | homologs, sister chromatids |
| The longer the phase, the more cells you find in that phase. That's why you see most cells in ______________. Cells undergoing mitosis have more what? | interphase, condensed chromosomes |
| In __________ chromatin is disperse, then in __________ it condenses. In Anaphase, ___________- move toward opposite poles. | Interphase, prophase, sister chromatids |
| If a cell has 12 replicated chromosomes on the metaphase plate, what is n? | 6 |
| To look at karyotypes, we want to look at cells that have ____________ that have not separated into ___________ (which happens at anaphase). | condensed chromosomes, sister chromatids |
| To stop the spindle from forming, cells are subjected to ____________. Cells condense but mitosis can't begin without the spindle. | colchicine |
| _________ is the constricted region where the two chromatids are connected. ____________ constriction is at the centromere where the p and q arms are connected. P is the ______ arm and Q is the ________ arm. | Centromere, primary, short, long |
| _________ means the centromere is at or near the middle _________ means centromere is somewhat off center. ________ means centromere is near one end. ________ means centromere is are an end. | Metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, telocentric |
| _____________ constriction is an additional constriction on one of the arms of a centromere. This is usually where the _________________ is. | secondary, nucleolar organizer |
| __________ is the site where ribosomal proteins are assembled into ________________. | Nucleolus, ribosomal subunits |
| The shape of a chromosome depends on where its _________________ is (the centromere, where the kinetochore will be assembled to attach to ________ at mitosis) | primary constriction, MTs |
| ___________ doesn't normally exist in cells as a separate, single-strand. It is a ______________. | DNA, double helix |
| When fertilization occurs, the resulting zygote will be ___n___x. | 2n2x |
| What is a somatic cell after DNA replication? ___n___x | 2n4x |
| How many Vicia faba chromosomes would be on a metaphase plate at mitosis? How many would move to each pole at anaphase? How many would be in each daughter cell? | 12,12,12 |
| How much DNA would be on a metaphase plate at mitosis? How much DNA would move to each pole at anaphase? How much DNA would be in each daughter cell? | 4x, 2x, 2x |
| _______ checkpoint assures that all chromosomes reach the spindle equator before ________ begins. | Spindle, anaphase |
| Without ________________, chromosomes tend to reorient. | bipolar tension |
| If a chromosome is improperly attached, the cell stalls in _________. Once _________ is applied, cell proceeds. | metaphase, tension |
| It is the job of _____________________ to indirectly cause destruction of cohesin by cleaving _________. | Anaphase promoting factor, securin |
| When _______ is destroyed, sister chromatids can come apart. | Cohesin |
| In Anaphase ____, chromatids move towards the poles by shortening of the bundles of _______________ MTs that connect them to the pole to which they move. | Kinetochore |
| In Anaphase A, kinetochore microtubules get ___________. | shorter |
| In Anaphase A, ________ is (added to/lost from?)either or both the plus and minus ends of _______________ MTs, causing shortening. | tubulin, lost, chromosomal |
| In Anaphase B, ________ is (added to/lost from) the _________ ends of _________ MTs, helping them get longer. | tubulin, added to, plus, polar |
| ______ calls for desctruction of some proteins that hold chromatids together, allowing progression from _________ to _________. | APC, metaphase, anaphase |
| ________ binds to a regulatory protein at the end of mitosis, and calls for the destruction of mitotic ________. This enables progression into ________. | APC, cyclins, G1 |
Created by:
jgold37