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Behavior that terminates an aversive stimulus is called ____ behavior, whereas behavior that prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring is called ____ behavior
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Typically, one first learns to ____ from an aversive stimulus, and then to ____ it
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L&B Chap 9
Psychology of Learning and Behavior
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Behavior that terminates an aversive stimulus is called ____ behavior, whereas behavior that prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring is called ____ behavior | escape; avoidance |
| Typically, one first learns to ____ from an aversive stimulus, and then to ____ it | escape; avoid |
| One apparent problem with two-process theory is that, even after hundreds of trials, the avoidance response does not seem to ____ | extinguish |
| However, according to the ____ hypothesis, avoidance responses usually occur so ____ that exposure to the ____ are too ____ for ____ to take place | anxiety conservation; quickly; CS; brief; extinction |
| A second problem with Mowrer's theory is that after sufficient experience with avoiding the aversive CS, the animals no longer show any ____ , yet continue to make avoidance responses | fear |
| According to the one-process theory of avoidance, the avoidance response is negatively reinforced by a reduction in overall rate of ____ , as apposed to a reduction in ____ | aversive stimulation; fear |
| According to species-specific defense reaction theory, avoidance responses are often ____ reactions to aversive stimulation that are automatically ____ in dangerous situations | innate; elicited |
| According to Mineka, one limitation in applying experimental models of avoidance to human phobias is that the animals are usually avoiding the aversive ____ whereas human phobics are avoiding the aversive ____ | US; CS |
| According to Mineka, a second limitation of applying experimental models of avoidance to phobias is that avoidance behavior in an experiment conditions ____ readily than does avoidance behavior in a phobia | less |
| Experimental avoidance usually requires ____ conditioning trial(s), while phobic conditioning usually requires ____ conditioning trail(s). Also, ____ conditioning is less than 100% certain | a few; one; experimental |
| A critical aspect of Stampfl's experimental analogue of phobic conditioning is that the avoidance response can occur ____ in the sequence of events leading up to the feared CS, thereby ____ the amount of effort involved in making the response | early; minimizing |
| This results in ____ exposure to the feared CS, thereby greatly ____ the likelihood that the fear response will ____ | little; reducing; extinguish |
| Janice continually worries that her alarm clock might not be set, and that she will wake up late for class. She therefore checks the alarm clock about 20 times each night before finally falling asleep. | continued on next slide |
| The persistent thoughts about the alarm clock not being set are classified as a(n) ____ while the frequent checking of the alarm clock is classified as a(n) ____ | obsession; compulsion |
| In general, ____ are associated with an increase in anxiety, whereas ____ are associated with a decrease in anxiety | obsessions; compulsions |
| From the perspective of two-process theory, this decrease in anxiety likely functions as a ____ for the compulsive behavior | negative reinforcer |
| Exposure and response prevention (ERP) therapy for OCD involves prolonged exposure to anxiety-arousing events while ____ in the ____ behavior that serves to reduce anxiety | not engaging; compulsive |
| ERP is similar to systematic desensitization in that exposure to the anxiety-provoking event is usually ____. It is similar to flooding therapy in that the exposure to the anxiety-provoking event is ____ | gradual; prolonged |
| People with OCD are usually ____ to recall a particular conditioning event that was the cause of the obsessional anxiety response. The disorder often arises, however, during times of ____. This suggests the process of ____ may exacerbate normal concerns | unable; stress; selective sensitization |
| People with OCD fail to realize that intrusive thoughts are ____ and that such thoughts are often ____. They also ____ responsibility for highly ____ events | common; uncontrollable; take; improbable |
| Some evidence suggests that cognitive interventions for OCD, when combined with ERP, provide ____ additional benefit | little |
| Negative punishment involves the ____ of a stimulus following aresponse that subsequently results in a ____ in the likelihood of that response occurring again | removal; decrease |
| When Bobbi threw a temper tantrum, her mother turned off the television program that Bobbi was watching. Bobbi's mother is applying a ____ procedure | response cost |
| When Bobbi threw a temper tantrum, Bobbi's mother made her sit in the corner for a minute. Bobbi's mother is applying a ____ procedure | time-out |
| A ____ of a time-out procedure is that one ____ have to clearly identify a specific reinforcer before implementing the procedure. A(n) ____ of a response cost procedure is that one ____ easily modify the severity of the punishment to suit the behavior | advantage; does not; advantage; can |
| When Val began whining, her mother immediately stopped playing with her and left the room. Val quickly stopped whining. This is an example of ____ | negative punishment |
| Val's mother used to play with Val whenever she whined but then stopped doing so. As a result, Val's whining soon ceased. This is an example of ____ | extinction |
| If the frequency of a behavior decreases because performing the behavior no longer leads to something, the process involved is ____ | extinction |
| If the frequency of a behavior decreases because performing the behavior leads to the removal of something, the process involved is ____ | negative punishment |
| Exercising to the point of exhaustion is for many people likely to be an ____ punishing event | intrinsically |
| The bad taste of rotting food will likely, for most people, function as a ____ punisher, while a restaurant that has served such food will function as a ____ punisher | primary; secondary |
| Looking at an old photo album reminds you of your loneliness as a child, the loss of a favorite pet, and a childhood friend who died. As a result, you stop looking at it. The old photo album can be classified as a ____ punisher | generalized |
| Punishment, especially ____ punishment, can often elicit a strong ____ reaction. This reaction might include ____ that, if not directed toward the punisher, might be directed toward a substitute target | positive; emotional; aggression |
| Punishment of an inappropriate behavior ____ directly strengthen the occurrence of an appropriate behavior. It might even result in a general ____ of behavior | will not; suppression |
| The use of punishment could, through the process of ____ , teach the recipient that punishment is an acceptable means for modifying a person's behavior | modeling |
| Yelling at your dog for chewing your slippers might teach the do to avoid ____ rather than the slippers | you |
| Yelling at your dog for chewing your slippers might also teach your dog not to chew the slippers only when | you are present |
| If punishment has an ____ effect in getting someone to stop annoying us, this result can then act as a strong ____ for using punishment in the future | immediate; negative reinforcer |
| Beneficial side effects of punishment include increases in ____ behavior, improvements in ____ , and increased ____ to the environment | social; mood; attention |
| With verbally proficient humans, punishment tends to be more effective when it is accompanied by an ____ | explanation |
| In general, when implementing a punishment procedure, one should begin with a punisher of sufficient ____ to ____ the behavior | intensity; suppress (or stop) |
| Unlike reinforcement, punishment tends to have a stronger impact on behavior if delivered ____ | consistently |
| In general, when attempting to punish a maladaptive behavior, one should also attempt to ____ more adaptive behavior | reinforce |
| If punishment is to be used, it should be ____ , since ____ punishment tends to be relatively ineffective | immediate; delayed |
| In general, ____ punishment is preferable to ____ punishment because the former is likely to have fewer side effects | negative; positive |
| According to the conditioned suppression theory of punishment, the application of punishment does not directly ____ a behavior; instead, it produces an ____ reaction that tends to interfere with ongoing behavior | weaken; emotional |
| This theory was based on evidence that punishment tends to produce only a ____ effect. This effect, however, probably results from using a relatively ____ forms of punishment | temporary; weak |
| According to the ____ theory of punishment, a rat stops lever pressing when lever pressing is followed by a shock because the occurrence of any behavior other than lever pressing is ____ by the nonoccurrence of shock | avoidance; negatively reinforced |
| According to the punishment version of the Premack principle, the occurrence of a ____ behavior can be used to punish the occurrence of a ____ behavior. | low probability; high probability |
| This means that if Sally rarely washes dishes and often bites her nails, then the behavior of ____ can be used to punish the occurrence of ____ | washing dishes; chewing nails |
| The original experiments on learned ____ revealed that dogs that had first been exposed to inescapable shock had ____ learning an escape response when later exposed to ____ shock | helplessness; difficulty; escapable |
| It seemed as though these dogs had learned that there ____ a contingency between their behavior and the offset of shock | is not |
| This effect can be overcome by ____ the dogs to make an escape response. As well, dogs that have had previous exposure to escapable shock are ____ susceptible to becoming helpless when later exposed to inescapable shock | forcing; less |
| Learned helplessness may account for various difficulties in humans, including the clinical disorder known as ____ | depression |
| Experimental neurosis occurs when animals exposed to ____ events develop neurotic-like symptoms | unpredictable |
| Masserman found that normally quiet cats exposed to unpredictable shocks or blasts of air become ____ , whereas normally active cats became ____ | restless and agitated; withdrawn and passive |
| When food was paired with unpredictable shock, the cats also developed ____ and ____ responses to the food | phobic; counterphobic |
| Evidence suggests that neurotic symptoms are more likely to develop when the traumatic event occurs in an environment that the animal (or person) generally regards as ____ | safe |
| Learned helplessness can be viewed as resulting from repeated exposure to aversive events that are ____ but ____ ; experimental neurosis can be viewed as exposure to events that are | predictable; uncontrollable; unpredictable |
| avoidance theory of punishment | Punishment involving a type of avoidance conditioning in which the avoidance response consists of any behavior other than the behavior being punished |
| conditioned suppression theory of punishment | The assumption that punishment does not weaken a behavior, but instead produces an emotional response that interferes with the occurrence of the behavior |
| exposure and response prevention (ERP) | A method of treating obsessive-compulsive behavior that involves prolonged exposure to anxiety-arousing events while not engaging in the compulsive behavior pattern that reduces the anxiety |
| extrinsic punishment | Punishment that is not an inherent aspect of the behavior being punished bu that simply follows the behavior |
| generalized (or generalized secondary) punisher | An event that has become punishing because it has in the past been associated with many other punishers |
| intrinsic punishment | Punishment that is an inherent aspect of the behavior being punished |
| learned helplessness | A decrement in learning ability that results from repeated exposure to uncontrollable aversive events |
| Premack principle of punishment | A low-probability behavior (LPB) can be used to punish a high-probability behavior (HPB) |
| primary (or unconditioned) punisher | Any event that is innately punishing f |
| response cost | A form of negative punishment involving the removal of a specific reinforcer following the occurrence of a behavior |
| secondary (or conditioned) punisher | An event that has become punishing because it has in the past been associated with some other punisher |
| time-out | A form of negative punishment involving the loss of access to positive reinforcers for a brief period of time following the occurrence of a problem behavior |
| two-process theory of avoidance | Theory that avoidance behavior is the result of 2 processes: (1) classical conditioning, in which a fear response comes to be elicited by a CS, and (2) operant conditioning, in which moving away from the CS is negatively reinforced by a reduction in fear |
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jacob406