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BIO 1011
Chapter 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function | Tissues |
| study of tissue structure and function | Histology |
| The 4 Tissue Types | Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous |
| Are collections of cells and cell products that perform specific, limited functions | Tissues |
| Covers exposed surfaces Lines internal passageways Forms glands | Epithelial Tissue |
| Fills internal spaces Supports other tissues Transports materials Stores energy | Connective Tissue |
| Specialized for contraction Skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and walls of hollow organs | Muscle Tissue |
| Carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another | Neural Tissue |
| How cells are held together to form tissues Points of contact between cells Between plasma membranes of tissue cells | Cell Junctions |
| 4 Physical Characteristics of Tissues | Shape of the cells & Size of cells Arrangement in the tissues Connection to each other Extracellular matrix present between the cells Called ECM for short |
| General Features of Epithelial Tissue | -sheets -densely packed -Many cell junctions -basement membrane -avascular, but does have a nerve supply -Mitosis occurs often due to physical stress/injury b/c epithelial forms boundaries |
| Functions of Epithelial Tissue | -Selective barrier -Limits or aids transfer of substances in/out -Secretory surface -Releases products made in cells onto free surfaces i.e., mucous -Protective surface -Resists abrasion i.e., esophageal lining constantly abraded by food |
| Surfaces of Epithelial Cells and the Basement Membrane | Apical (free) surface Lateral surface Basal surface Basement membrane |
| Epithelia: Basement Membrane | The basement membrane is a platform on which the cells are anchored on top and under which is connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels. |
| 2 Types of Epithelial Tissue | Covering and lining epithelium Glandular epithelium |
| Type 1: Three Possible Layers | Simple epithelium Pseudostratified epithelium Stratified epithelium |
| Glandular Epithelium | Secretion A gland consists of one cell or a group of cells that make and secrete (export) a particular product |
| Endocrine Glands | Endocrine glands Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream Product stays in body and circulates |
| Exocrine glands | Secrete product into ducts which empty to outside (skin surface) or lumen of organ (stomach) |
| Types of Exocrine Glands | Unicellular – single cells Goblet cells Multicellular – composed of many cells that form a distinctive microscopic structure or macroscopic organ Sweat glands (sudoriferous) Oil glands (sebaceous) Salivary glands |
| Connective Tissue Functions | Support and protection Binds tissues Insulates internal organs The major transport system – blood Stored energy reserves – fat Main source of immune responses *Most widely distributed and diverse tissue* |
| Connective Tissue has 2 Elements | Cells Ground substance (gel) |
| The structure of the ECM determines much of a tissue’s qualities | Cartilage – ECM is firm but pliable Bone – ECM is hard and inflexible Blood – fluid, has a liquid ECM |
| Blast | Immature cell To ‘bud or sprout’ Cell division and secretion of matrix Ex: fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast |
| Cyte | Mature cell Monitor and maintain extracellular matrix Ex: fibrocyte, chondrocyte, osteocyte |
| 6 Types of Connective Tissue Cells | Fibroblasts Macrophages Plasma cells Mast cells Adipocytes Leukocytes (WBCs) |
| Fibroblasts | secrete fibers and some parts of ECM |
| Macrophages | engulf bacterial via phagocytosis |
| Plasma cells | secrete antibodies (proteins that attack non-self) |
| Mast cells | produce inflammatory histamine and can bind and kill bacteria |
| Adipocytes | are fat cells for energy and warmth |
| Leukocytes (WBCs) | defend against infection |
| Ground substance | Fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, or calcified Stores water, supports cells, binds them together, and is a medium for cells to exchange things with blood Water + sugars + proteins |
| Protein fibers | Collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers Provide strength and support Fibers in the extracellular matrix provide strength and support to a tissue |
| Collagen fibers | Great tensile strength *Collagen is the most abundant protein in your body* Bone, cartilage, tendon, ligaments |
| Elastic fibers | Can stretch 150% of their relaxed length without breaking = return to original shape! Skin, blood vessels walls, lung tissue |
| Reticular fibers | Network around cells and support blood vessels Stroma (framework) of spleen |
| 5 Types of Connective Tissue | Loose CT Areolar, adipose, & reticular Dense CT Dense regular, dense irregular, & elastic Cartilage Bone Liquid CT (blood and bone) |
| Loose CT (3 Subcategories) | Areolar CT-widely distributed &packing material around body structures Adipose CT -stores fat (white and brown) Reticular CT-A net (stroma) inside organs, binds smooth mm. cells, filters dead cells and microbes in spleen and lymph nodes |
| Dense CT (2 Subcategories) | Dense (fibrous) regular CT strongly attaches structures and withstands pulling (tension) – tendons Dense irregular CT gives tensile strength in many directions – fasciae under skin and around organs |
| Cartilage CT | Strength due to collagen Resilience due to chondroitin sulfate NO nerves or blood vessels so heals poorly after injury |
| Cartilage CT, cont. | Chondrocytes Mature cells sitting in lacunae (little lakes) floating in the ECM Covered by perichondrium Dense irregular CT that covers cartilage itself Precursor to bone Growth plates in bone Lubricated articular surfaces of joints |
| Cartilage CT (3 Subcategories) | Hyaline cartilage-Most abundant cartilage in body-Smooth surfaces Fibrocartilage-Intervertebral discs, menisci of knee-Strongest type of cartilage Elastic cartilage Epiglottis, external ear Shape and elasticity of structures |
| Bone CT (2 Subcategories) | Supports soft tissues, protects delicate structures (brain, lungs), and generates movement with muscles Store calcium and phosphorus Produces RBCs and stores fat Compact bone Spongy bone |
| 1st Type of Bone: Compact | Osteon (haversian system) is basic unit Lamellae ‘little plates’ concentric rings of ECM Mineral salts give bone compact hardness Collagen gives tensile strength |
| 2nd Type of Bone: Spongy | Spongy bone has trabeculae – ‘little beams’ for support instead of solid bone |
| Liquid CT (2 Subcategories) | Liquid connective tissue has liquid as its ECM Blood has two ECM components: Plasma Formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, and platelets) Lymph Clear liquid ECM with little protein Contains lymph or lipids |
| 2 Types of Membranes | Membranes are flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body Epithelial membranes Mucous membranes Serous membranes Cutaneous membranes Synovial membranes Line the insides of joint capsules |
| Muscular Tissue (3 Subcategories) | Muscle tissue consists of fibers that provide motion, maintain posture, and produce heat Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle |
| Nervous Tissue (2 Cells) | Neurons - Cell body, Dendrites, Axons - Carry sensory and motor info b) Neuroglia - Protect and support neurons |
| Tissue Repair | process that replaces worn out, damaged, or dead cells. Not all connective tissue cells have the ability to repair Muscle cells can perform limited repair-Some nervous cells can perform limited repair-Fibrosis is the formation of scar tissue |
| Aging | Younger bodies generally experience: A better nutritional state A better blood supply to tissues A faster metabolic rate Aging slows the process of tissue repair |
| Disorders | Disorders of epithelial tissues tend to be specific to individual organs Skin cancer Disorders of connective tissues tend to be autoimmune in nature Lupus |
Created by:
katieharrelson