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Chem 07 Covalent
Terms/Vocabulary related to Covalent Bonding
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| covalent bonding is the formation of compounds by _?_ electrons between atoms | sharing |
| attraction of atoms for mutually shared electrons is the basis of a ccovalent _?_ | bond |
| abbreviation for most stable arrangement of valence electrons (no periods in abbreviation) | ngc |
| covalent bonding most commonly occurs between 2 _?_ elements | nonmetal |
| a single atom of a noble gas might be described as a _?_ molecule' | monatomic |
| in H:H, the electrons holding the molecule together are called a bonding pair, a covalent electron pair, or simply a _?_ pair | shared |
| in :NH₃, the 2 valence electrons around N that are NOT involved in bonding are called an unshared pair, a nonbonding pair, or simply a _?_ pair | lone |
| the statement "valence electrons rearrange themselves during bonding so that both bonded atoms attain a noble gas configuration" is known as the _?_ rule | octet |
| the mnemonic BrINClHOF identifies the _?_ elements that bond with themselves | diatomic |
| a neutral, stable cluster of covalently-bonded atoms OR the smallest unit of a covalent compound | molecule |
| a _?_ covalent bond consists of 2 electrons, one provided by each bonding atom | single |
| a _?_ covalent bond consists of 4 electrons, two of which are provided by each bonding atom | double |
| a _?_ covalent bond consists of 6 electrons, three of which are provided by each bonding atom | triple |
| diatomic element held together by a double bond | oxygen |
| diatomic element held together by a triple bond | nitrogen |
| shape of any molecule consisting of only two atoms | linear |
| term that describes any compound consisting of only two elements (may be >2 atoms) | binary |
| a _?_ formula shows the arrangement of atoms in space (examples: H–Cl or O=C=O) | structural |
| a _?_ formula tells the # and kinds of atoms in the smallest unit of a covalent compound | molecular |
| shape of a water molecule, H₂O | bent |
| shape of an ammonia molecule, NH₃ | pyramidal |
| shape of a methane molecule, CH₄ | tetrahedral |
| the _?_ theory explains that molecular geometry (shape) is a result of electrons in bonds spreading out to minimize repulsions | VSEPR |
| the _?_ theory explains that atomic orbitals of different energy can rearrange themselves into an equivalent number of molecular orbitals of identical energy (ex: s+p+p+p = 4 sp³'s) | hybridization |
| numerical prefix meaning "1" | mono |
| numerical prefix meaning "2" | di |
| numerical prefix meaning "3" | tri |
| numerical prefix meaning "4" | tetra |
| numerical prefix meaning "5" | penta |
| numerical prefix meaning "6" | hexa |
| numerical prefix meaning "7" | hepta |
| numerical prefix meaning "8" | octa |
| numerical prefix meaning "9" | nona |
| numerical prefix meaning "10" | deca |
| the BF₃ molecule has a trigonal _?_ shape that looks a little like a Mercedes Benz emblem | planar |
| the PCl₅ molecule has a(n) trigonal _?_ shape with a central trigonal planar shape and 2 other bonds vertically above & below that plane | bipyramidal |
| the SF₆ molecule has a(n) _?_ shape consisting of 6 bonds separated by angles of 90º along the x,y,z coordinates | octahedral |
| any naming system (ex: using Roman numerals for ionic, but numerical prefixes for covalent compounds) | nomenclature |
| measure of the attraction of an atom for the electrons in a bond | electronegativity |
| the electronegativity scale ranges from 0.0 to _?_ | 4.0 |
| the electronegativity scale is often considered unitless, but recently the _?_ is used to honor the discoverer of this property | pauling |
| a(n) _?_ covalent bond is one in which the electrons are shared equally | nonpolar |
| a(n) _?_ covalent bond is one in which the electrons are shared, but unequally | polar |
| in a(n) _?_ bond, 1 or more electrons are lost by one atom and gained by another | ionic |
| bond classification when the electronegativity difference between the two bonded atoms is 0.0 - 0.4 | nonpolar |
| bond classification when the electronegativity difference between the two bonded atoms is 0.5 - 1.9 | polar |
| bond classification when the electronegativity difference between the two bonded atoms is 2.0 or greater | ionic |
| the weak attractions that hold one molecule to another in solids and liquids are collectively called _?_ (or VDW) forces | intermolecular |
| the weakest intermolecular force caused by random motion of electrons in bonds that leads to a temporary unbalanced distribution and momentary slight areas of charge is called London _?_ or _?_ interaction (same word for both!) | dispersion |
| dipole-dipole forces are moderate intermolecular forces between _?_ molecules | polar |
| the strongest intermolecular force arising from attraction between a hydrogen in a very polar bond and a nearby long pair in another molecule is called _?_ bonding | hydrogen |
| mnemonic for 3 elements that hydrogen must be bonded to for it to exert hydrogen bonding on neighboring molecules | FON |
| H-bonding causes water to _?_ when it freezes | expand |
| a(n) _?_ is an ionic compound with a set # of covalently-bonded water molecules attached to stabilize the crystal lattice | hydrate |
| describes the powdery part of a hydrate that remains when its water of hydration is removed, usually by heating | anhydrous |
| the • symbol in a hydrate formula (ex: CaCl₂•2H₂O) means "_?_ to" | attached |
| a covalent compound which, when dissolved in water, forms H⁺ ions and tastes sour | acid |
| the pattern "hydro-(root)-ic" ACID is used for an acid whose compound name ends in _?_ | ide |
| the pattern "(root)-ic" ACID is used for an acid whose compound name ends in _?_ | ate |
| the pattern "(root)-ous" ACID is used for an acid whose compound name ends in _?_ | ite |
| overall charge of a molecule | neutral |
| the BF₃ molecule violates the octet rule by having _?_ valence electrons around the central atom (B) | 6 |
| the PCl₅ molecule violates the octet rule by having _?_ valence electrons around the central atom (P) | 10 |
| the SF₆ molecule violates the octet rule by having _?_ valence electrons around the central atom (S) | 12 |
| H-bonding holds together the 2 strands of the _?_ double helix | DNA |
| H-bonding can cause a(n) _?_ to fold so that it forms a 'receptor site' (Ex: hemoglobin forms a receptor site for O₂) | protein |
| when naming mixed compounds using Divide and Conquer, look for _?_ first | ammonium |
| when naming mixed compounds using Divide and Conquer (after dividing ammonium), you might use a Roman numeral if the first symbol is classified as a _?_ element | metal |
| when naming mixed compounds using Divide and Conquer (after dividing ammonium), you might use numerical prefixes (mono, di, etc) if the first symbol is classified as a _?_ element | nonmetal |
Created by:
goakley
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