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bio 227 lab exam 1
labs 1-4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The ________ is a substage lens that concentrates light on the specimen. iris diaphragm lever condenser light source objective lens | condenser |
| The stomach belongs to this organ system. digestive cardiovascular respiratory reproductive | digestive |
| Which life process, which relies heavily on nutrient inputs from the respiratory and digestive systems, sustains all other life processes? metabolism movement responsiveness reproduction | metabolism |
| If your ocular lens is 10×, the total magnification when using the midrange 45× objective lens is ________. 450× 250× 90× 55× | x450 |
| The stomach is found primarily in the ________ quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity. left lower right upper right lower left upper | left upper |
| Ribosomes/ribosomal subunits are found ________. inside mitochondria free in the cytoplasm associated with coiled DNA of chromosomes attached to the Golgi apparatus | free in the cytoplasm |
| The body cavities that protect the nervous system are located in the ____ cavity. ventral vertebral cranial thoracic dorsal | dorsal |
| Which body cavity is further separated into other cavities? thoracic pericardial abdominopelvic pleural | abdominopelvic |
| Human feet are ________ to the knee. distal proximal posterior superior | distal |
| The small intestine is an example of a(n) __________, because it is composed of two or more tissue types that perform a particular function for the body. organ epithelial tissue muscular tissue organ system | organ |
| In anatomical position, the ________. upper limbs hang in a natural position at the side of the body feet are slightly apart, and the toes point forward human is sitting head is turned to the side | feet are slightly apart, and the toes point forward |
| Embryology concerns the structural changes that occur in an individual from conception through old age. True False | false |
| During this phase of mitosis, the mitotic spindle forms and the nuclear envelope fragments. prophase telophase anaphase metaphase | prophase |
| How many stages of mitosis are there? __________ | 4 |
| popliteal | relating to or situated in the hollow at the back of the knee. |
| olcranal | the bony projection of the ulna behind the elbow joint |
| scapular | relating to the shoulder or shoulder blade |
| sacral | large wedge shaped vertebra at the inferior end of the spine |
| gluteal | of or relating to the gluteus muscles |
| lumbar | relating to the lower part of the back |
| calcaneal | also called the heel bone, is a large bone that forms the foundation of the rear part of the foot |
| early prophase | the cell starts to break down some structures and build others up, setting the stage for division of the chromosomes, the mitotic spindle begins to form, The nucleolus, a part of the nucleus where ribosomes are made, disappears |
| late prophase (prometaphase) | mitotic spindle begins to capture and organize the chromosomes, chromosomes finish condensing, nuclear envelope breaks down, releasing the chromosomes. |
| metaphase | the spindle has captured all the chromosomes and lined them up at the middle of the cell, ready to divide. |
| anaphase | sister chromatids separate from each other and are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell. Microtubules not attached to chromosomes elongate and push apart, separating the poles and making the cell longer. |
| telephase | the cell is nearly done dividing, and it starts to re-establish its normal structures, The mitotic spindle is broken down into its building blocks.Two new nuclei form, one for each set of chromosomes. Nuclear membranes and nucleoli reappear. |
| cytokinesis | the division of the cytoplasm to form two new cells, overlaps with the final stages of mitosis |
| This set of body terms for orientation and direction depends on anatomical position; the terms have different meanings for humans and four-legged animals. dorsal/ventral anterior/posterior medial/lateral proximal/distal | anterior/posterior |
| Coronal Plane | Divides body into front and back portions (Anterior-front, Posterior-back) (Ventral-front, Dorsal-back) |
| Sagittal Plane | Divides body into left and right portions -Mid-: equal right & Left halves -Para-: unequal division |
| Transervse Plane | Divides body into top and bottom portions (superior-head; inferior-feat) |
| Anterior (Ventral) | Towards the Front. |
| Posterior (Dorsal) | Toward the back; opposite of Anterior |
| Superior | A body part is above another part, or is closer to the head |
| Inferior | A body part is below another body part, is toward the feet |
| Medial | Closer to midline |
| Lateral | Away from midline |
| Proximal | Towards origin or tank |
| Distal | Away from the origin or trunk |
| Cranial cavity | contains the brain |
| abdominopelvic cavity | contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities |
| vertebral cavity | contains the spinal cord |
| pelvic cavity | contains the reproductive organs and urinary bladder. |
| thoracic cavity | enclosed by the ribs, sternum, and vertebral column |
| diaphragm | muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
| pleural cavity | contains the lungs |
| pericardial cavity | contains the heart |
| Which of the following regional anatomy terms matches the anatomical description "anterior and most distal"? metatarsal acromial popliteal carpal | metatarsal |
| Histology would be best defined as a study of ________. cells tissues the gross structures of the body cell chemistry | tissues |
| What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, called? frontal sagittal regional transverse | frontal |
| Which level of structural organization is considered to be the highest level? cellular chemical organ organismal | organismal |
| Which directional term is used to describe the relationship of the skin to the skeletal muscles? medial lateral superficial deep | superficial |
| DNA replication occurs during __________. interphase metaphase prophase cytokinesis | interphase |
| vertebral | relating to the vertebra or vertebral column; spinal |
| cervical | relating to the neck |
| occipital | pertaining to the back of the head |
| To transport a microscope, hold it ________. | upright, with one hand on its arm and the other hand supporting its base |
| digestive system | a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body |
| cardiovascular system | Responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and cellular waste products throughout the body |
| urinary system | a group of organs in the body concerned with filtering out excess fluid and other substances from the bloodstream |
| integumentary system | organ system consisting of the skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands |
| respiratory system | organ system consisting of the skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands |
| When a cell is NOT dividing, the DNA is loosely spread throughout the nucleus in a threadlike form called __________. chromosomes chromatin ribosomes cytosol | chromatin |
| Which of the following is an organ system? heart urinary brain lungs | urinary |
| The __________ system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis of the body via rapid transmission of electrical signals. | endocrine |
| The epigastric region is superior to the umbilical region. True False | true |
| sternal | relating to the sternum |
| brachial | of or relating to the arm, specifically the upper arm |
| antecubital | positioned anteriorly to the elbow |
| acromial | bony process on the scapula; shoulder |
| axillary | relating to the armpit |
| inguinal | pertaining to the groin |
| umbilical | relating to or affecting the navel or umbilical cord |
| carpal | relating to the bones forming the human carpus (wrist |
| The ability to distinguish two close objects as separate is called ________. parfocal working distance virtual image resolution | resolution |
| A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions for the body is a(n) ________. complex cell organ complex tissue organ system | organ |
| hair shaft | the part of the human hair that projects above the skin |
| lamellar corpuscle | they respond to deep pressure, stretch, vibration of high frequency; rapidly adapting; they have a single dendrite surrounded by a capsule containing up to 60 layers of collagen fibers and flattened supporting cells. |
| sweat gland | |
| arrector pili muscle | the tiny involuntary muscle fiber in the skin inserted in the base of the hair follicle |
| hair follicle | hair is composed of protein that grows from cells originating within the |
| sebaceous gland | Epidermal glands that produce an oily secretion called sebum. |
| In comparing simple diffusion to facilitated diffusion, you note that ________. both move substances up and down, a concentration gradient both require ATP both require a specific carrier or protein channel both require a concentration gradient | both require a concentration gradient |
| The support cells found in nervous tissue are called ________. neurons neuromuscular neuralgia neuroglia | neuroglia |
| How many primary tissue types are found in the human body? __________ | 4 |
| which is not a function of the hypodermis? to insulate the body from heat loss to supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis to loosely connect the skin to underlying tissue to store energy | to supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis |
| stratum corneum | the horny outer layer of the skin. |
| stratum granulosum | thin layer of cells in the epidermis. Keratinocytes migrating from the underlying stratum spinosum become known as granular cells in this layer. |
| stratum spinosum | aids in flexibility, and it enables the epidermis, or outer layer of skin, to better withstand the effects of friction and abrasion |
| stratum basale | the deepest layer of the five epidermis layers, which is the outer covering of skin in mammals |
| __________ glands are found primarily in the genital and axillary areas. Eccrine Apocrine | Apocrine |
| What type of tissue is the papillary layer of the dermis composed of? areolar connective tissue dense regular connective tissue dense irregular connective tissue simple squamous epithelium | areolar connective tissue |
| Select the tissue that is a simple epithelium. transitional areolar dense regular pseudostratified | pseudostratified |
| Which of these terms applies best to all material in this tissue that is not cellular? matrix ground substance interstitial fluid mesenchyme | matrix |
| areolar connective tissue | wraps and cushions organs |
| dense regular connective tissue | attaches muscle to bone |
| dense irregular connective tissue | withstand tension, provide structural strength |
| simple squamous epithelium | Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae. |
| matrix | can be delicate to form a soft "packing" around an organ, or it can form "ropes" (tendons and ligaments) of incredible strength. |
| ground substance | unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers. It is composed of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans. |
| interstitial fluid | fluid that bathes the inside of the cells of the body |
| mesenchyme | Common embryonic tissue from which all connective tissues arise. |
| Active processes ________. move substances against (up) a concentration and/or electrical gradient require a hydrostatic pressure gradient include osmosis move fats and respiratory gases through cell membranes | move substances against (up) a concentration and/or electrical gradient |
| squamous cell | flat cells that look like fish scales, and are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the lining of the respiratory and digestive tracts. |
| cuboidal cell | epithelial cells having a cube-like shape; that is, their width is approximately equal to their height. |
| columnar cell | epithelial cells whose height are at least four times their width |
| stratified epithelium | consists of squamous (flattened) epithelial cells arranged in layers upon a basal membrane. Only one layer is in contact with the basement membrane; the other layers adhere to one another to maintain structural integrity |
| simple epithelium | cells that form a single layer that are attached to the basement membrane |
| basal surface | The surface near the base or interior of a structure; nearest the lower side or bottom of a structure. |
| apical surface | surface of epithelial cell that is exposed to the body exterior or to the cavity of an internal organ |
| Epithelial tissues can be classified according to cell shape. __________ epithelial cells are scalelike and flattened. Cuboidal Squamous Transitional Columnar | squamous |
| What is the most common cell type in the epidermis? dendritic cells keratinocytes macrophages fibroblasts | keratinocytes |
| Which of the following statements is true? Passive processes move molecules against a concentration gradient. Passive processes require ATP. Active processes move molecules along a concentration gradient. Active processes require ATP. | Active processes require ATP. |
| Which epidermal layers would be LEAST likely to develop cancer? | The stratum corneum |
| dendritic cells | Protective cells that engulf antigens, migrate to lymph nodes, and present the antigen to T cells, causing them to activate and mount an immune response; those in the skin are sometimes called Langerhans cells. |
| keratinocytes | an epidermal cell that produces keratin. most abundant cell type in the epidermis |
| macrophages | Protective cell type common in connective tissue, lymphoid tissue, and many body organs; phagocytizes tissue cells, bacteria, and other foreign debris; presents antigens to T cells in the immune response. |
| fibroblasts | Young, actively mitotic cell that forms the fibers of connective tissue. |
| melanocytes | A pigment-producing cell located in the basal layer of the epidermis with branching processes by means of which melanosomes are transferred to epidermal cells, resulting in pigmentation of the epidermis |
| merkel cells | cell that occurs in the basal part of the epidermis, is characterized by dense granules in its cytoplasm, is closely associated with the unmyelinated tip of a nerve fiber, and probably functions in tactile sensory perception. |
| epidermis | Superficial layer of the skin; composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. |
| dermis | Layer of skin deep to the epidermis; composed mostly of dense irregular connective tissue. |
| hypodermis | Subcutaneous tissue just deep to the skin; consists of adipose plus some areolar connective tissue. |
| dermal papillae | At the surface of the skin in hands and feet, they appear as epidermal or papillary ridge |
| reticular layer | the lower layer of the dermis, found under the papillary dermis, composed of dense irregular connective tissue featuring densely packed collagen fibers |
| papillary layer | the uppermost layer of the dermis. It intertwines with the rete ridges of the epidermis and is composed of fine and loosely arranged collagen fibers |
| Membrane transport may be passive or active. Select the active process from the list below. phagocytosis filtration osmosis simple diffusion | phagocytosis |
| phagocytosis | Engulfing of foreign solids by cells. |
| filtration | Passage of a solvent and dissolved substances through a membrane or filter. |
| osmosis | Diffusion of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane from a dilute solution into a more concentrated one. |
| simple diffusion | The unassisted transport across a plasma membrane of a lipid-soluble or very small particle. |
| Which of the statements below is true for both eccrine and apocrine glands? They produce sweat. Their sweat contains water, salts, proteins, and fats. They may have a pheromone-producing function. They are involved in temperature regulation. | they produce sweat |
| In __________, parts of the plasma membrane and cytoplasm extend and engulf a relatively large or solid material. pinocytosis phagocytosis | phagocytosis |
| pinocytosis | Engulfing of extracellular fluid by cells. |
| eccrine glands | - most abundant sweat glands - found on palms, soles and forehead |
| apocrine glands | - axiallry - anogenital - lie deep in dermis or hypodermis - larger than eccrine glands - ducts empty into hair follicles |
| holocrine | This form of secretion is when the entire cell contents of acini become the secretion due to autolysis (self digestion). Occurs in sebaceous glands |
| merocrine | a gland that releases only an acellular secretory product |
| Two important passive processes for membrane transport are ________. facilitated diffusion and active transport exocytosis and phagocytosis diffusion and filtration pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis | diffusion and filtration |
| The hypodermis is ________. part of the dermis composed primarily of adipose tissue the third region of the skin part of the epidermis | composed primarily of adipose tissue |
| This type of connective tissue is found under epithelia, packaging organs, and surrounding capillaries. reticular elastic cartilage dense elastic areolar | areolar |
| Which of the following endocytotic processes is important for moving fluid into cells? receptor-mediated endocytosis for hormones receptor-mediated endocytosis for water phagocytosis pinocytosis | pinocytosis |
| cell division is most common it which epithelial layer? | Stratum basale |
| Select the tissue that is a simple epithelium. dense regular areolar transitional pseudostratified | pseudostratified |
| This type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs. It has no striations, and its cells are spindle shaped. It is __________. cardiac muscle skeletal muscle smooth muscle | smooth muscle |
| cytosol | Viscous, semitransparent fluid substance of cytoplasm in which other elements are suspended. |
| nuclear envelope | The double membrane barrier of a cell nucleus. |
| plasma membrane | Membrane, composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins, that encloses cell contents; outer limiting cell membrane. |
| microtubule | One of three types of rods in the cytoskeleton of a cell; hollow tubes made of spherical protein that determine the cell shape as well as the distribution of cellular organelles. |
| chromatin | Structures in the nucleus that carry the hereditary factors (genes). |
| In the body, filtration is important in moving ________. lymph fluid through lymph vessels blood around the circulatory system fluid and solutes out of the capillaries and into the kidney tubules all of these | fluid and solutes out of the capillaries and into the kidney tubules |
| What is true about both the epidermis and the dermis? Sensory receptors are present in each. Papillae and ridges are present in each. They are highly vascular. Each consists, in part, of dead and dying cells | Sensory receptors are present in each. |
| Which of the following pigments is not involved in determining skin color? white pigments in skin cells melanin produced by skin cells carotene from carrots and yellow vegetables red pigments in blood | white pigments in skin cells |
| Which muscle tissue type is controlled voluntarily? cardiac smooth skeletal cardiac and smooth | skeletal |
| Muscle cells ________. can have striations can have many nuclei are long are long, can have many nuclei, and can have striations | are long, can have many nuclei, and can have striations |
| Bones are somewhat flexible due to ________. soft, pliable ground substance of the matrix calcium salts in the ground substance collagen fibers in the matrix elastic fibers in the matrix | collagen fibers in the matrix |
| Fontanels are ________. conical projections on a fetal skull fibrous membranes in a fetal skull rings of bone in a fetal skull bones encased in cartilage | fibrous membranes in a fetal skull |
| This is the most common type of skeletal cartilage. fibrocartilage hyaline elastic | hyaline |
| How many pairs of ribs are there? 12 10 14 24 | 12 |
| ________ are the telescoping tubes of matrix (concentric lamellae) with their central canals that form a large part of compact bone. Lacunae Osteocytes Trabeculae Osteons | osteons |
| The axial skeleton includes all of the following except the ________. pectoral and pelvic girdles skull vertebral column bony thorax | pectoral and pelvic girdles |
| The midline suture marking the articulation of the two parietal bones is called the ________ suture. coronal lambdoid sagittal squamous | sagittal |
| Which of the fetal cranial bones may appear to be two bones in the fetus? occipital parietal temporal frontal | frontal |
| Bones of the skeleton are connected at junctions called ________. associations axials articulations appendiculars | articulations |
| Vertebrae belong to this category of bones. long short flat irregular | irregular |
| The ________ is a median posterior projection arising at the junction of two laminae of the vertebral body. lamina pedicle vertebral arch spinous process | spinous process |
| Which of the following bone markings helps form joints? crest fossa epicondyle head | head |
| The diaphysis of a long bone is covered by ________. articular cartilage perforating fibers endosteum periosteum | periosteum |
| An example of a sesamoid bone is the ________. | patella |
| The cranial bones that house the organs of hearing are the ________ bones. temporal sphenoid occipital parietal | temporal |
| The skeleton is constructed of two types of tissue, ________. nervous and bone muscle and bone dense connective tissue and bone bone and cartilage | bone and cartilage |
| The epiphyses of long bones are ________. hollow filled with spongy bone solid | filled with spongy bone |
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