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zoologytest2rebar
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the common name for animals from the phylum Platyhelminthes? | flatworms, planaria |
| True or False. The dorsal side of a planaria is ciliated. | False the ventral side is ciliated |
| What is the function of rhabdites and in what phylum and class of animals would you find them? | They produce a mucous that covers and protects the organism. They are found in phylum Platyhelminthes / class Turbellaria |
| What is the function of the syncytial tegument and in what phylum and class would find it? | Protects important cell structures from a hostile environment (ie. digestive juices). Phylum Platyhelminthes / parasitic classes |
| Name the three muscle fibers found in a planaria (phylum Platyhelminthes Class Turbellaria) | longitudinal (anterior to posterior), circular (around the diameter), dorsiventral (top to bottom) |
| What do the three muscle layers allow the planaria? | To twist and turn |
| Does a parasitic or non-parasitic flatworm have a syncytial tegument? | A parasitic flatworm. The syncytial tegument is believed to protect important cell structures because they are located beneath a layer of cytoplasm and a muscle layer. |
| How would you describe the gastrovascular cavity of a flatworm (Platyhelminthes)? | highly branched |
| Describe the digestive system of a flatworm (Platyhelminthes). | Flatworms have a mouth, pharynx, intestine which equates to an incomplete disgestive system. |
| What is a protonephridial system and its function? | The beginning of a circulatory system. Its primary function is osmoregulation in the Platyhelminthes phylum (flatworms) |
| Describe the nervous system of the Platyhelminthes (flatworm) | 1 to5 pairs of longitudinal nerve cords arranged in a ladder-type system. A frontal (cerebral) ganglion LIKE a "brain", ocelli (light detectors), and auricles (receptors for finding food and equilibrium) |
| Describe the reproduction of flatworms (Platyhelminthes) | Asexual (budding as in planaria) and monecious sexual reproduction (the exception is blood fluke Shistosoma japonicum which is dioceous. |
| Describe the nervous system pathway (note: evolutionary advancement) | sensory neurons (receive information) to association neurons (process information inside the ganglion or "brain") to motor neurons (take action) |
| Are flatworms in the class Turbellaria free living or parasitic? | Free living, about 3,000 species, planaria spp. very common, amazing powers of regeneration |
| Name four classes and one subclass of the phylum Platyhelminthes. | Turbellaria (planaria spp.), Monogenea, Tremetoda, subclass Digenea and Cestoda |
| What are the characteristics of the phylum Platyhelminthes? | They are called flatworms, acoelomate, protostomes, tripoblastic, tissue/organ level of organization, bilaterial symmetry, cephalization |
| What are some benefits of the pseudocoelom? | Provides space for expansion of digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems, or storage of waste products. When filled with fluid it often acts as a hydrostatic support and permits circulation of body fluids. |
| Where can you find flatworms (Platyhelminthes)? | Mostly marine, some fresh (Planaria, "Dugesia") and in moist places on land. |
| What are the parasitic classes of Platyhelminthes? | Monogenea, Tremetoda (flukes), Cestoda (tapeworms). The class Turebellaria (planaria) are the only free living. |
| Which class of Platyhelminthes (flatworms) is an ectoparasite? | Monogenea are found on the outside of fish |
| Which class of Platyhelminthes (flatworms) is an endoparasite? | Tremetoda (5,000 species of flukes endoparasitic of vertebrates) Cestoda (4,000 species of tape worms, endoparasite of intestine, feed on already brown down nutrients; therefore, no digestive system and absorb nutrients directly through body wall |
| What is a syncytial tegument? | nonciliated body covering found in parasitic Platyhelminthes. It is a single cell membrane containing many nuclei. Layers include distal cytoplasm, muscle layer and then cytoplasm with cell structures. Believed to provide protection from hostile environ. |
| T/F In flukes the mouth is located at the anterior end and the pharynx does not protrude. | True |
| T/F in turbellarians the pharynx opens posteriorly just inside the mouth. | True |
| How does a worm in the phylum Platyhelminthes remove excess water or osmoregulate? | Canals with tubules ending with protonephridia (also called flame cells). Flagella inside the protonephridium beat to draw water into tubule complex, into collecting ducts and then exit through pores called nephridopores. |
| Name an evolutionary advancement of the Platyhelminthes. | Nervous system and organization of neurons into sensory neurons, association neurons and motor neurons |
| Is fertilization of the Platyhelminthes species internal or external? | Species are monoecious and have internal fertilization with penis or cirrus. However, "Schistosoma japonicum" or blood fluke is dioceious. |
| What happens when the cercaria of a "Shistosoma" sp. enters a human when it is intended to enter a bird intermediate host? | The human gets swimmers itch. |
| How does one get infected by "Clonorchis sinensis" (liver fluke)? | eating raw fish |
| Which class of flukes is an ectoparasite for fish? | Monogenea |
| What is the class name for tapeworms? | Cestoda |
| What do the classes of worms (Trematoda, Monogenea, and Cestoda) have that is lacking in the class Turbellaria? | Syncytial tegument without cilia |
| Name a significant difference of the class Monogenea from the classes of Trematoda and Cestoda. | Monogenea has a single host and simplified life cycle. They are exoparasites often found on fish. |
| Describe the digestive system of worms in the class Cestoda. | Cestoda worms are tape worms. They absorb nutrients through their body wall and therefore have microtriches (projections on the surface of their body) that increase their surface area for absorption. They do not have mouths or tubular digestive systems. |
| What is the function of the scolex and in what phylum and class would you find it? | Phylum Platyhelminthes, class Cestoda. The function is to attach to the host intestine and to produce proglottids. You can identify a tapeworm by looking at its scolex. |
| What is the intermediate host for a dog when it gets a tapeworm and what is the intermediate host for a dog when it gets heartworm | tapeworm is when a flea is ingested. Heartworm is from a mosquito. |
| Where do you find tapeworms in the determinate host? | in the intestine |
| What are the evolutionary advancements of the phylum Nemertea (ribbon worms) | complete digestive tract, true circulatory system protonephredia have excretory function instead of just osmoregulation, probiscus used to capture food. |
| What are the characteristics of the phylum Rotifers? | Pseudocoelomate (persistent fluid filled blastocoel), 2,000sp, cosmopolitan (found throughout the world),mostly freshwater, benthic (substrate), eumetozoans (true animals) |
| Describe the body of an animals from the phylum Rotifera. | Head, corona (ciliated crown), trunk with mastax (muscular pharynx), trunk with visceral organs, terminal foot, protnephridial tubules with flame cells for water and waste excretion, bilobed "brain" and sense organs including eye spots. |
| what is parthogenesis? In what phylum do you find this? | Phylum Rotifera. Even though dioceious mostly female (some males of a species have never been found). Females produce only diploid eggs that develop into more females. |
| What are the functions of the corona and in which phylum would you find it? | Phylum Rotifera. The corono is a ciliated crown near the mouth that assists the animal in movement and in bringing food near them. |
| Why is the phylum Nematoda so important economically and environmentally? | Virtually every plant and animal on the earth has a parasitic nematode. Infestations can be devastating on crops, livestock and humans. |
| What type of muscles do animals of the phylum Nematoda have and how does that affect their movement? | They only have longitudinal muscles unlike the phylum Platyhelminthes which has longitudinal, dorsiventral, and circular muscles. This means that Nematoda (round worms) thrash their bodies instead of twisting or having ribbon movement. |
| How do Nematodes (round worms) untilize the pseudocoel? | The fluid filled blastocoel (false cavity) provides hydrostatic pressure which creates a hydrostatic skeleton. |
| What secretes the cuticle found in Nematodes (round worms)? | The epidermis which then becomes called the hypodermis because it then is found under the cuticle. |
| What is the function of the cuticle in the Nematodes (round worms)? | Contains the high hydrostatic pressure created by the pseudocoelom. |
| T/F the phylum Nematoda (round worms) has a complete digestive tract. | True |
| Describe the nervous system of a Nematode (round worm) | They have a dorsal and ventral nerve cord. |
| How can you identify the difference between a male and female Nematode (round worm)? | The males are smaller than the females. The males have a copulatory spicule which used during copulation to inject sperm into the female. |
| What is unique about the sperm of a male Nematode(round worm)? | It become ameboid instead of flagellated once injected into the female. |
| How many juvenile stages are there in the phylum Nematoda and what happens after every stage? | Nematodes (round worms) have complicated life cycles with 4 juvenile stages. The molt of the cuticle occurs after every juvenile stage. |
| How many people are infected with Ascaris lumbricoides? | 1.2 billion or 1 in 6 people. Round worm found in parts of the world with poor sanitation or where use feces as fertilizer. Lives in the intestine and causes severe blockage and underdevelopment in children. |
| True or False. The round worm Ascaris lumbricoides is dioecous? | True |
| What does the round worm Necator americanus cause that is a risk to your health? | Anemia. The hookworm has anterior cutting plates that sear the intestinal |
| Name three illnesses caused by filarial worms | elephantiasis and river blindness and dog heartworm |
| What disease does Wuchereria bancrofti cause? | elephantiasis. Causes blockage of the lymphatic system and extreme swelling of the lymph nodes. |
| What is the intermediate host for the filarial worm Wuchereria bancrofti? | mosquito. |
| What is the intermediate host for the filarial worm that causes river blindness? | Black fly |
| What causes river blindness and where is it most prevelant? | River blindness is caused by the bacteria in the filarial worm. Found in central and west Africa. |
| What is the genus of the guinea worms? | Dracunulus |
| How are guinea worms (Dracunulus) transmitted? | Through infected drinking water. |
| What are the name of the representative Nematode parasites (roundworms)? | Ascaris lumbricoides (large human round worm), Necator americanus(hookworm), Trichinella spiralis (Trichina worm), Pinworms, Wuchereria bancrofti (filarial worm) |
| What is the largest Nemantode (round worm)? | Guinea worm (Dracunulus) |
| How is the female Dracunulus removed from the body? | longest round worm and live in the muscular tissue. Once female mates she moves to foot and a hot and painful blister forms. The worm burrows from the blister hopeful for water source. Human must slowly twist a stick around worm each day to remove. |
| what is the intermediate host Dracunulus? | crustacean called a Cyclops. |
| Which phylum is a eucoelomate? Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Nematoda, Nemertea, or Mollusca? | Mollusca |
| Name an evolutionary advancement of the phylum Mollusca? | Eucoelomate body plan allows organisms to become larger and more complex. Mesodermal peritoneum holds organs in place, allows blood to get to organs, and allows for development of more muscular digestive system. |
| How many species of Mollusca exist? | 90,000 extant and 70,000 extinct |
| True or False. There is a typical mollusk. | False. There is great diversity within the phylum Mollusca. |
| Name the body parts of a mollusk. | Head, foot, radula and visceral mass |
| What important body systems are found within the visceral mass of a mollusk? | circulatory system, digestive system, respiratory system and reproductive system. |
| True or False. All molluscs have a radula. | False. |
| What is the name of the tongue found within a mollusk that has backward forming teeth-like structures? | Radula |
| What keeps a clam closed tight? | the anterior and posterior adductor muscles. |
| How can you tell if you are looking at a left or right side of a clam? | If you cup the clam side in your left hand and the anterior side is facing away from you then you are holding a left side. If you have to place it in your right hand in order for the anterior side to be facing away then it is a right side. |
| What is the purpose of the mantel? | Respiration, secretes the outer shell and surrounds the body and protects the soft parts. |
| What functions occur inside the mantel cavity? | Water is flowing into and out of the mantel cavity and with it waste is removed and gametes are dispersed. Oxygen is supplied and sometimes food. Chemoreceptors are found inside the mantel. |
| What are the three layers of the Mollusca shell from outer to inner? | periostracum (made of protein), prismatic (calcium carbonate), nacreous (calcium carbonate) |
| What part of a Mollusk shell is used for jewelry? | Nacre or inner part of shell. |
| Why do freshwater periostracum (outer layer of Mollusk shell) tend to be thicker than saltwater? | Leaves will fall in the wintertime into the streams and rivers and add acid and tannins to the water. A thicker periostracum protects the mollusk. |
| What is the oldest part of a clam shell? | Umbo |
| In order for a pearl to form where does the grit have to land inside the mollusk? | Grit has to get in between the mantel and shell. Nacre forms around the grit to protect the soft tissue and a pearl is formed. |
| How does a Mollusk breath? | Respiration through the mantel and gills. The gills are housed within the mantel cavity. |
| Describe the circulatory system of a mollusk with the exception of the class cephalopoda. | An open circulatory system with heart, large blood vessels, but blood is not always enclosed and dumps into the hemocoel bathing organs. BV is 20-40%. Not as efficient in oxygen exchange as a closed circulatory system and found in slow moving animals. |
| Describe the circulatory system of a cephalopod. | A closed circulatory system with heart, blood vessels and capillaries. Blood is always enclosed with a blood volume of 5-10%. More efficient than an open circulatory system. Good for active cephalopods. |
| What is the largest animal phyla after Arthropoda? | Mollusca |
| How are mollusk important to humans? | Food, Jewelry. |
| What is the distinctive characteristic of mollusks? | soft body |
| What are the classes of Mollusca? | Gastropoda, cephalopoda, Bivalvia, Monoplacophora, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda. |
| What is the largest class within the phylum Mollusca? | Gastropoda (70,000 extant and15,000 extinct) ex. Abolones, conch, periwinkles, whelks. |
| What is a distinctive characteristic of Mollusca Gastropoda? | Shell Coiling with the exception of abolones. |
| In the phylum Mollusca how do the species eat? | herbivorous grazers, predaceous carnivores, ciliary filter feeders. |
| Where do you find most species from the phylum Mollusca? | The sea. Only Bivalves and gastropods have moved into freshwater habitats. |
| The funnel found in cephalopods is a modified what? | foot. |
| What is metanephridia and in what phylum would you find it? | paired kidneys and is found in Mollusca. |
| What are the names of the two larval stages that aquatic molluscs can pass through? | free swimming trocophore and veliger |
| What is the distinguishing characteristic of the trocophore larvae found in the phylum Mollusca? | Cilia along the midline. |
| Which comes first. The trochophore larvae or the veliger larvae? | The trochophore larvae of an acquatic mollusk transforms into the veliger larvae. |
| What is a glochidium? | A freshwater larvae of a Mollusk that attaches to a fish gills with hooks and takes a ride for dispersal. SPAT is the marine form. |
| What is the difference between monoplacophora and polyplacophora? | Monoplacophora has one plate and polyplacophora has multiple plates (eight plates embedded in mantel) |
| What is the common name for polyplacophora? | chitons |
| what is the common name for Scaphopoda? | tusk shells |
| what is an operculum and in what species would you find it? | A hard protoeinaceous plate that covers the shell aperture when the body withdraws into the shell. Found in Mollusca Gastropoda |
| What is torsion and which species undergoes torsion? | Larvae starts as bilateral. The mantel cavity moves anterior and twists. The anus moves from posterior to anterior end and visceral organ twists. |
| What are the advantages and disadvantages to torsion? | The head can be pulled inside the body for protection. However, the anus is now near the mouth and food can become fouled. |
| In what species do you find coiling and what are its advantages? | Mollusca Gastropoda. The coiling helps to distribute the weight of the shell so that it does not off balance the animal by growing straight out. As a result of coiling the animal loses the gill, auricle, and has a compressed kidney on the right side. |
| How does coiling in a Mollusca Gastropoda help with fouling? | Torsion creates the problem of food fouling when the anus is twisted next to mouth. With coiling water goes in the left and out the right, which reduces food fouling. |
| What are the subclasses of the class Gastropoda? | Prosobranchia - mostly marine periwinkles, limpets, whelks, conchs, abolones. Opisthobranchia - all marine sea slugs, sea hares, nudibranchs. Pulmonata - freshwater and land snail and slugs. |
| Describe a Nudibranch | Mollusca Gastropoda Opisthobranchia. No shell. Colorful warnings. rhinophores (chemosensors) |
| What are the common names of Mollusca Bivalvia? | clams, mussels, scallops, oysters, shipworms |
| what are the characteristics of Mollusca Bivalvia? | Bivalved, no head, no radula, very sedentary, filter feeders. |
| What is the oldest part of a Mollusca Bivalvia? | Umbo |
| What part of the animal are you eating when you eat a scallop? | adductor muscle |
| What class of animal are shipworms and rock borers? | Mollusca Bivalvia |
| Describe the Mollusca bivalvia heart. | 3 chambered heart that pumps blood through the gills and mantel for oxygenation and to the kidney for waste removal. 2 Auricles and 1 ventricle. |
| What is a glochidia? | A specialized veliger Larvae of the class Bivalvia. Glochidia are discharged through excurrent canal and hitch a ride on a fish as a parasite on the fish gills. |
| Is Glochidia a specialized veliger larvae of salt or freshwater clams? | freshwater. |
| Name species of Mollusca cephalopoda. | octopuses, squid, cuttlefish, nautiluses |
| The nautiluses are from what class of animals? | Mollusca cephalopoda |
| What is the foot in the Mollusca cephalopods? | Funnel |
| What is the function of the funnel (modified foot) in the Mollusca cephalopods? | expels water from the mantel cavity for movement, waste removal. |
| How many species of cephalopods are there? | app. 200 |
| How do cephalopods feed? | predaceous |
| Do cephalopods have shells? | Yes, except for octopuses. Squid and cuttlefish shells are modified and internal. The nautiluses have an external shell. |
| What is the benefit of a chamber in the nautiluses? | The nautiluses have chambers that coil and are separated by septum. The animal only lives in the largest last chamber. A tube running between the chambers that allows for gas exchange and gives the nautiluses buoyancy. |
| What is the name of the shell in a squid? | the Pen |
| Which class of Mollusca has the most advanced circulatory and nervous systems? | cephalopoda; closed circulatory system and most complex brain of an invertebrate. |
| What is the name of the special pigment cells in the skin of most cephalopods that produce color changes by expanding and contracting? Why do cephalopods change color? | chromatophores. Camoflouge, warning colors, attract mates. |
| What is the name of the shell of a cuttlefish? | cuttlebone, which is a thin horny structure enclosed by the mantel. |
| What is an octopus lacking that other cephalopods have? | shell |
| How do cephalopods move? | Expelling water from the mantel cavity through the funnel. The funnel can also act like a rudder changing direction of the cephalopod. |
| What is the ventral side of the squid? | Tentacles |
| What is the dorsal side of the squid? | fins |
| What is the posterior side of the squid? | The side of the mantel with the funnel |
| What is the anterior side of the squid? | the opposite side of the mantel from the funnel |
| What is sepia? | Black ink containing the pigment melanin found in most cephalopods |
| Describe the heart of a cephalopod. | 3 hearts including a systemic heart and 2 bronchial hearts. |
| True or False. Cephalopods are dioeceous. | True |
| What is a spermatophore and which species has it? | Mollusca Cephalopoda. A package of sperm that is removed from the mantel cavity by a male arm and deposited into female mantel cavity. |
| When you are eating calamari what part of the octopus are you eating? | Mantel cut into circle rings and tentacles. |
| True or False. People use sepia to cook with paella (rice dish). | True |
| What evolutionary advancement does the nautiluses poses? | Buoyancy |
| How does a moon snail use its foot? | Expands it by 4X to move and attack. They can burrow to hunt for food. |
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tjc154