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A&P Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The percentage of solids in a sample of human blood is normally about | 45% |
| The biconcave cells and blood that lack nuclei when they are mature are the | Red Blood Cells |
| Which of the following is an agranulocyte? | Monocyte |
| The normal white blood cell count is | 5,000-10,000 cells/mm^3 of blood |
| Platelets are best described as | Cytoplasmic fragments of cells |
| Nonprotein nitrogenous substances include | Amino acids, urea, creatinine |
| As a platelet plug forms, platelets release the vasoconstricting substances called | Serotonin |
| The basic event in the formation of a blood clot is the change of | Fibrinogen to fibrin |
| Type AB blood contains | Agglutinogen A & B |
| Which of the following is the correct sequence for the development of a red blood cell? | Hemocytoblast, Erythroblast, Erythrocyte |
| Primary function of lymphocytes is to | Act against foreign substances |
| After hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin, what ultimately happens to the heme? | It is removed by the lover as bile pigments |
| The release of tissue thromboplastin initiates | The extrinsic clotting mechanism |
| What is the difference between serum and plasma? | Plasma contains fibrinogen; serum does not |
| Which of the following formed elements releases serotonin? | Platelets |
| Of the following, which are most active as phagocytes? | Neutrophils |
| Which of the following is not needed for the formation of a blood clot? | Albumin |
| Agglutinogens of the various blood types are examples of | Antigens |
| Erythroblastosis fetalis is most likely to become a problem and Rh-negative mothers as | A second Rh-positive fetus develops |
| Heparin prevents the clotting of blood by | Inhibiting the formation of prothrombin activator and the action of thrombin on fibrinogen |
| The condition called cyanosis is caused by an increased blood of | Deoxyhemoglobin |
| Sickle-cell anemia is caused by | An abnormal form of hemoglobin |
| Newborns are sometimes exposed to fluorescent light as a treatment for | Physiologic jaundice |
| Vitamin B-12 is poorly absorbed in the absence of | Intrinsic factor |
| The form of anemia that is caused by a lack of dietary iron is called | Hypochromic anemia |
| As a result of polycythemia, the blood flow | Decreases and hemoglobin becomes more deoxygenated |
| Pus is composed of | Leukocytes, bacteria, damaged body cells |
| As a consequence of starvation or a protein deficient diet, the blood protein concentration | Decreases and water accumulates in tissue spaces |
| Prothrombin time as a blood test used to evaluate | Extrinsic clotting mechanism |
| A pulmonary embolus him as most likely caused by a clot reaching | A long through a pulmonary artery |
| The condition called thrombocytopenia is due to a deficiency of | Platelets |
| Which of the following might be used to replace body fluid in an emergency? | Isotonic glucose |
| As a result of a blood reaction involving agglutinogens agglutinins | Free hemoglobin is released into the blood, hemoglobin is converted into bilirubin, agglutinate blood cells are phargocytized |
| The condition called erythroblastosis fetalis is characterized by | Excessive immature erythrocytes |
| Erythroblastosis fetalis can be prevented by treating | Rh-negative mothers with anti-Rh agglutinogen |
| A deficiency of folic acid and vitamin B-12 decreases RBC production by | Decreasing the synthesis of DNA molecules |
| Oxyhemoglobin is ____ in color, whereas deoxyhemoglobin is ____ in color. | Bright red; bluish |
| Biliverdin is ____ in color and bilirubin is ____ in color. | Greenish; orange |
| Which of the following is correct concerning granulocytes | They contain granules in the cytoplasm, larger than an RBC, formed in the red bone marrow |
| Leukocytosis is an increase in WBC count above 10,000/mm^3 blood and can occur | During acute infections, following vigorous exercise, during emotional disturbances |
| Which of the following terms is correctly defined? | Serum- plasma minus all of its fibrinogen and other clotting factors |
| The final formation in the formation of a blood clot is | That thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin |
| Blood platelets | Lack nuclei, release serotonin, number from 130,000-360,000/mm^3 blood |
| Which of the plasma proteins has its function properly described? | Beta globulins- transport of lipids and fat soluble vitamins |
| Blood vessel spasms following an injury are stimulated by | Serotonin released from platelets |
| Leukemia is characterized by | The production of large numbers of immature WBCs, a lowered resistance to infection, a deficiency of platelets and tendency to bleed |
| Vitamin K | Is essential for the synthesis of prothrombin |
| Hemophila | Is characterized by the lack of a clotting factor, appears most often in males, can result in large intramuscular hematoma, blood in the urine, and bleeding in joints |
| Erythropoietin release increases and oxygen depleted conditions in response to the body's need for more oxygen by | Increasing RBC production |
| Which of the following drink should not be imbibed with a meal because it reduces the amount of iron absorbed? | Tea |
| What is the substance in tea that binds iron causing a reduction in the amount absorbed? | Tannic acid |
| Bilirubin breaks down into its component parts, one of which is | Polypeptide globin chains |
| The amino acids that result from the breakdown of bilirubin polypeptide globin chains are metabolized by | Macrophages |
| Porphyria variegated is a condition in which the underlying problem is | The inability to recycle RBCs |
| Petechiae are a symptom of | Thrombocytopenia |
| Small, bruise like spots on the skin as a result of thrombocytopenia | Petechiae |
| Compounds produced by the immune system to combat specific antigens are called | Antibodies |
| Which group of antibodies is synthesized in plasma in 2-8 month old neonatals? | ABO blood group |
| Which of the following blood types is the most common in the US? | O |
| After the blood type AB, which is the most rare blood type in the US? | B |
| What percent of the population in the US has blood type AB? | 3% |
| What percentage of the US population is Rh-negative? | 15% |
| Transfusions to the fetus and neonate with Rh-negative blood are to | Prevent brain damage |
| An erythrocyte is about 1/3 hemoglobin by volume. | True |
| Macrophages represent a type of reticuloendothelial cell. | True |
| In an adult, RBCs are produced primarily in the liver. | False |
| Vitamin B-12 is important for the production of the RBCs because it is utilized in the synthesis of intrinsic factor. | False |
| An abnormally low WBC count is called leukocytosis. | False |
| Histamine causes an increase in the permeability of capillary walls. | True |
| When the ventricular walls contract | The bicuspid and tricuspid valves close |
| The loose fitting sac around the heart is the | Parietal pericardium |
| The skeleton of the heart consists of | Fibrous connective tissue encircling the atrioventricular orifices |
| Which of the following represents the correct sequence of parts through which blood moves in passing from the vena cava to the lungs? | Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve |
| The correct sequence of parts that function to carry cardiac impulses is | SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers |
| Impulses that are carried bro the heart by means of the vagus nerve are | Parasympathetic impulses and cause the heart rate to decrease |
| Plasma peptones that remain in the blood capillaries help to | Maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood |
| Which type of blood vessel holds the greatest volume of blood? | Vein |
| Which of the following is not a branch of the aorta? | Pulmonary artery |
| The celiac artery provides blood to the | Liver and spleen |
| Blood from the face and scalp is drained by the | External jugular vein |
| The blood pressure in the systemic arteries is greatest during | Ventricular systole |
| Which of the following conditions would most likely be accompanied by a drop in blood pressure due to vasodilation? | Decreasing blood pH |
| The inner lining of the heart is the | Endocardium |
| The right atrium receives blood directly from the | Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus only |
| The normal pacemaker of the heart is the | Sinoatrial node |
| Which of the following supplies blood to parts of the intestinal tract? | Superior mesenteric artery |
| When a person's pulse is taken by palpating near the thumb on the wrist, which artery is being felt? | Radial |
| Which of the following is least important in returning blood to the heart? | The pushing of blood by the arterial system |
| Atrial natriuretic factor is a apprise hormone that | Is released from certain muscle cells of the heart, inhibits the release of renin from kidney cells, inhibits the release of aldonsterone |
| Mitral valve prolapse is a disorder of the heart in which the mitral valve | Bulges into the left atrium during ventricular contraction |
| The pain associated with the condition called angina pectoris usually is caused by an obstruction in an artery that supplies the | Heart |
| With a stethoscopes places at the top of the sternum, sounds can be heard coming from the | Tricuspid valve |
| In an EVG pattern, the P wave is caused by | Depolarization of the atrial muscle fibers |
| In an ECG pattern, the T wave is caused by | Depolarization of the ventricular muscle fibers |
| In an ECG pattern, the P-Q interval indicates how long it takes for the cardiac impulse to travel from the | SA node to the ventricular muscular fibers |
| The effect on the heart of an excess potassium ion concentration usually is | Decreased rate and decreased force of contraction |
| The term used to describe an abnormally slow hate rate is | Bradycardia |
| Which of the following would produce the most life threatening condition | Ventricular fibrillation |
| Which of the following might serve as a secondary pacemaker for the heart | Both the AV node and purkinje fibers |
| Swelling of the tissues in the lower extremities is most likely to be caused by a failing | Right ventricle |
| Which of the following is not a factor that seems to increase the susceptibility to atherosclerosis? | Diet high in unsaturated fats |
| Arterial systolic pressure is most closely associated | Ventricular contraction |
| Pulse pressure is calculated by | Subtracting diastolic pressure from systolic pressure |
| Angiotensin increases blood pressure by | Causing peripheral resistance to increase |
| Which of the following factors is most likely to result in an increase in blood pressure? | Decreased blood flow to the kidneys |
| Which of the following is not a normal response to physical exercise? | Increased blood flow to the abdominal viscera |
| Which of the following is not a normal result of training for endurance type exercise? | Increase in heart rate |
| The condition called pulmonary edema is most likely the result of a failing | Left ventricle |
| Which of the following is true about the heart? | The apex and points downward at about the 5th intercostal space |
| Which of the following layers of the heart and their functions are correctly matched? | Myocardium- muscular contractions that force blood out of the heart |
| Which of the following correctly describes the location of the heart chambers and valves? | Bicuspid valve-permits one way blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle |
| Which of the following waves of an ECG pattern is correctly described? | P wave- depolarization of the atria |
| Blood flow to the right side of the heart can be decreased due to construction of the ____, and decreased blood flow to the heart tissue can result in ____ | Right coronary artery; ischemia |
| Water and dissolved substances leave the arteriole end of a capillary due to ____, and enter the venule end of a capillary due to ____ | Hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure; osmotic pressure being higher than hydrostatic pressure |
| The arterial disease atherosclerosis is characterized by | The accumulation of soft masses of fatty materials, especially cholesterol, on the inside of an artery wall, plaques decreasing blood flow through the affected artery, the increased possibility of forming a blood clot |
| Kidney disease can cause hypertension by | Activating the renin-angiotensin mechanism, The secretion of aldosterone and the increased retention of sodium and water, nearing the lumens of renal blood vessels |
| How many liters of blood does the heart pump in a 24 hour period? | 7000 |
| 2.5 billion in a lifetime is the average | Number of heartbeats |
| The pulmonary circuit | Sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs |
| The systemic circuit | Brings oxygenated blood to the tissues |
| Collateral circulation is important because ____ in the event of a blocked coronary artery. | It supplies oxygen to the lungs |
| Cells of the conducting system in the heart are more sensitive to which ion? | Potassium |
| Once the cells and the sinoatrial node decrease in potassium potential and reach threshold | An action potential is triggered |
| Which of the following gases is released by the endothelium? | Nitric oxide |
| A person warming up after being cold can feel a warm rush as blood flows quickly to the peripheral appendages. Nitric oxide is important in the situation because | It relaxes the endothelial smooth muscle |
| Because net inward pressure in venular capillary ends is less than net outward pressure at the arteriolar ends of capillaries | More fluid leave the capillaries than returns |
| The mechanism that ensures the volume of blood discharged from the heart is equal to the volume entering it's chambers is | Starlings law |
| Which of the following does not influence contractility? | Potassium |
| Sympathetic stimulation decreases | ESV |
| Which of the following does not increase peripheral resistance through vasoconstriction? | Bradykinin |
| When venous pressure is too low, _____ stimulate smooth muscles in the walls of veins to contract | Sympathetic reflexes |
| When smooth muscle in the walls of the veins are stimulated to contract | Blood pressure increases |
| The lowest heartbeat recorded in an athlete was | 25 bpm |
| Which of the following is not a factor in cholesterol accumulation? | Gender |
| The apical heart beat is heard by listening between the fifth and sixth ribs about 7.5 cm left of the midline. | True |
| The coronary sinus trains blood from the wall of the heart into the left atrium | False |
| Where are antibodies A and B found? | In the plasma |
| What is atherosclerosis? | The thickening of the arteries |
| What is arteriosclerosis? | The hardening of the arteries |
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