Question 1

The two most important influences on Enlightenment thought were:
A. Galileo and Copernicus.
B. Newton and Copernicus.
C. Locke and Newton.
D. Galileo and Locke.
E. Bacon and Descartes.

Accepted Answer

C. Locke and Newton

Question 2

After 1688, Great Britain permitted religious toleration to all EXCEPT:
A. Lutherans and Unitarians.
B. Lutherans and Jews.
C. Jews and Roman Catholics.
D. Unitarians and Roman Catholics.
E. Muslims and Jews.

Accepted Answer

D. Unitarians and Roman Catholics

Question 3

An expanding, literate public and the growing influence of secular printed materials created a new and
increasing influential social force called:
A. public opinion.
B. social premise.
C. societal drive.
D. communal view.
E. the general will.

Accepted Answer

A. public opinion

Question 4

5. According to Newton and others, nature is _______.

Accepted Answer

Rational

Question 5

According to ______, all knowledge and character is derived from actual sense experience devoid of innate
ideas; thus, life begins with a clean slate.

Accepted Answer

Locke

Question 6

The Enlightenment flourished in a _______, that is, a culture in which books, journals, newspapers,
and pamphlets had achieved a status of their own.

Accepted Answer

Print culture

Question 7

Written by Voltaire in English and later translated to French, this book praised the virtues of the English,
especially their religious liberty, and implicitly criticized the abuses of French society:
A. Faults of France.
B. Improvements on the Island.
C.

Accepted Answer

C. Letters on the English

Question 8

The writers and critics who flourished in the expanding print culture and who took the lead in forging the new
attitudes favorable to change, championed reform, and advanced toleration were known as the
_________.

Accepted Answer

Philosophes

Question 9

Voltaireâs most famous satire, _______, attacked war, religious persecution, and what he considered
unwarranted optimism about the human condition.

Accepted Answer

Candide

Question 10

Philosophes criticized the Christian church for all of the following EXCEPT:
A. teaching that humans were fundamentally sinful.
B. encouraging more concern with the afterlife than with life on earth.
C. doctrinal disputes and intolerance.
D. inciting wars

Accepted Answer

E. Taking too limited a role in national politics

Question 11

The two major points in the Deistsâ creed were:
A. the belief in an afterlife dependent upon oneâs earthly actions and the existence of a rational God.
B. the belief in the existence of a rational God and the existence of absolute principles.
C. the b

Accepted Answer

A. the belief in an afterlife dependent upon oneâs earthly actions and the existence of a rational God.

Question 12

Which of the following figures came closest to atheism in their religious thinking?:
A. Lessing.
B. Toland.
C. Locke.
D. Voltaire.
E. Baron dâHolbach.

Accepted Answer

E. Baron dâHolbach.

Question 13

According to Ethics, the most famous of his works, this man closely identified God and nature, an idea for
which his contemporaries condemned him:
A. Hobbes.
B. Spinoza.
C. Descartes.
D. Mendelssohn.
E. Locke

Accepted Answer

B. Spinoza.

Question 14

This 18th century philosopher was known as the âJewish Socratesâ:
A. Hobbes.
B. Spinoza.
C. Descartes.
D. Mendelssohn
E. Lessing.

Accepted Answer

D. Mendelssohn

Question 15

Pascal and other critics saw this as an exceptionally carnal or sexually promiscuous religion because of its
teaching that heaven was a place of sensuous delights:
A. Islam.
B. Judaism.
C. Catholicism.
D. Protestantism.
E. Hinduism

Accepted Answer

A. Islam.

Question 16

______ once declared, âWe must suppose that Muhammad, like all enthusiasts, violently impressed by his
own ideas, retailed them in good faith, fortified them with fancies, deceived himself in deceiving others, and
finally sustained with deceit a doctrin

Accepted Answer

Voltaire

Question 17

The Encyclopedia:
A. secularized learning and spread Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe.
B. sold about 1,200 copies.
C. received official support.
D. was written entirely by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond dâAlembert.
E. was written in 1750 but not p

Accepted Answer

A. secularized learning and spread Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe

Question 18

He published On Crimes and Punishments, in which he applied critical analysis to the problem of making
punishments both effective and just:
A. John Toland
B. Denis Diderot
C. Jean Le Rond dâAlembert
D. Marquis Cesare Beccaria
E. Montaigne

Accepted Answer

D. Marquis Cesare Beccaria

Question 19

Adam Smith advocated:
A. a large role for government in the economy.
B. the ending of England's mercantile system.
C. the elimination of England's navy and army.
D. that government take no part in the economy.
E. an end to all taxes.

Accepted Answer

B. the ending of England's mercantile system.

Question 20

According to Smith, government should provide:
A. armies, navies, roads, and hospitals.
B. hospitals, armies, navies, and schools.
C. armies, navies, roads, and parks.
D. schools, armies, navies and roads.
E. armies, navies, markets, and banks.

Accepted Answer

D. schools, armies, navies and roads.

Question 21

According to Smithâs four-stage theory, human societies:
A. have nor real moral basis.
B. can be religious, secular, scientific, or superstitious.
C. need four social groups to succeed.
D. can be classified as hunter-gatherer, pastoral, agricultural, or

Accepted Answer

E. move from barbarism to civilization

Question 22

The _______, particularly of France, believed mercantilist legislation and the regulation of labor by
governments and guilds actually hampered the expansion of trade, manufacture, and agriculture.

Accepted Answer

Physiocrats

Question 23

Adam Smith is usually regarded as the founder of the _______ economic thought and policy, which favors a
limited role for the government in economic life.

Accepted Answer

laissez-faire

Question 24

The most important political thought of the Enlightenment occurred in:
A. France.
B. Holland.
C. England.
D. Scotland.
E. Denmark.

Accepted Answer

A. France

Question 25

He contended that the process of civilization and the Enlightenment had corrupted human nature:
A. Smith
B. Rousseau
C. Descartes
D. Montesquieu
E. Voltaire

Accepted Answer

B. Rousseau

Question 26

Based on his ideas and traditions, most 18th-century political thinkers regarded human beings as individuals and
society as a collection of individuals pursing personal, selfish goals:
A. Locke
B. Hobbes
C. Descartes
D. Rousseau
E. Bacon

Accepted Answer

A. Locke

Question 27

Herder is famous for his early views concerning:
A. intellectual realism.
B. cultural relativism.
C. social democracy.
D. relative absolutism.
E. economic inequality.

Accepted Answer

B. cultural relativism

Question 28

One of Montesquieuâs most far-reaching ideas was the division of ______ in government.

Accepted Answer

Power

Question 29

Rousseau blamed much of the evil in the world on misdistribution of _______.

Accepted Answer

Property

Question 30

Radical reformer _______ envisioned a society in which each person could maintain personal freedom while
behaving as a loyal member of the larger community.

Accepted Answer

Rousseau

Question 31

The philosophes generally:
A. advocated fundamental changes in the social condition of women.
B. believed women to be socially equal but not politically equal to men.
C. said little about women.
D. were not avid feminists.
E. saw women as the intellectual

Accepted Answer

D. were not avid feminists

Question 32

He maintained that women were not naturally inferior to men and that women should have a wider role in
society. He was also sympathetic in his observations concerning the value placed on womenâs appearance and
the prejudice women met as they aged:
A. Sm

Accepted Answer

D. Montesquieu

Question 33

Which of the following styles of art utilizes lavish, often lighthearted decoration with an emphasis on pastel
colors and the play of light?
A. Classical
B. Abstract
C. Impressionism
D. Neoclassicism
E. Rococo

Accepted Answer

E. Rococo

Question 34

Which of the following styles of art embodies a return to figurative and architectural modes drawn from the
Renaissance and the ancient world?
A. Rococo
B. Abstract
C. Impressionism
D. Neoclassicism
E. Expressionism

Accepted Answer

D. Neoclassicism

Question 35

Neoclassical paintings were didactic rather than emotional, and their subject matter usually concerned:
A. public life or public morals.
B. intimate family life.
C. daily routines.
D. leisure activities.
E. nature.

Accepted Answer

A. public life or public morals

Question 36

______ architecture and decoration originated in early 18th-century France, but quickly was adopted
across Europe by many public buildings and churches.

Accepted Answer

Rococo

Question 37

The popularity of the city of ______ as a destination for artists and aristocratic tourists contributed to the
rise of Neoclassicism.

Accepted Answer

Rome

Question 38

Monarchs such as Joseph II and Catharine II made âenlightenedâ reforms as part of their drive to:
A. increase revenues and gain political support.
B. begin the process of moving away from monarchy.
C. begin the process of moving toward constitutional

Accepted Answer

A. increase revenues and gain political support.

Question 39

He was a strong monarchist who, in 1759, published a History of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great,
which declared, âPeter was born, and Russia was formedâ:
A. Diderot
B. Rousseau
C. Descartes
D. Montesquieu
E. Voltaire

Accepted Answer

E. Voltaire

Question 40

Monarchs such as Joseph II and Catharine II made âenlightenedâ reforms as part of their drive to:
A. increase revenues and gain political support.
B. begin the process of moving away from monarchy.
C. begin the process of moving toward constitutional

Accepted Answer

A. increase revenues and gain political support.

Question 41

This monarch embodies enlightened absolutism more than any other. He/she forged a state that commanded the
loyalty of the military, the junker nobility, the Lutheran clergy, and a growing bureaucracy:
A. Joseph II
B. Maria Theresa
C. Frederick the Great
D

Accepted Answer

C. Frederick the Great

Question 42

Monarchs associated with enlightened absolutism included all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Joseph II.
B. Maria Theresa.
C. Frederick the Great.
D. Catherine II.
E. Louis XIV.

Accepted Answer

E. Louis XIV

Question 43

all the rising states of the 18th century, this state was the most diverse in its people and problems:
A. Austria.
B. Russia.
C. Prussia.
D. France.
E. Britain.

Accepted Answer

A. Austria

Question 44

Maria Theresa of Austria did all of the following EXCEPT:
A. established a very efficient tax system.
B. created central councils to deal with political problems.
C. expanded primary education.
D. created regional legislative councils to give ordinary peo

Accepted Answer

D. created regional legislative councils to give ordinary people a say in politics.

Question 45

Joseph II of Austria:
A. sought to improve the productivity and social conditions of the peasantry.
B. increased the tax burden on the peasantry.
C. reduced the serfs to slaves.
D. built many Catholic seminaries and allowed the church total autonomy.
E. e

Accepted Answer

A. sought to improve the productivity and social conditions of the peasantry.

Question 46

Catherine the Great of Russia:
A. replaced the nobles with loyal government bureaucrats.
B. abandoned the ideals of absolutism.
C. built a strong alliance with the nobility.
D. made an alliance with Poland.
E. freed Russiaâs serfs.

Accepted Answer

C. built a strong alliance with the nobility.

Question 47

As part of her territorial aspirations, Catherine the Great painlessly annexed this newly independent state in 1783:
A. Estonia.
B. Crimea.
C. Livonia.
D. Romania.
E. Finland.

Accepted Answer

B. Crimea

Question 48

The phrase âenlightened absolutistâ indicates a ________ government dedicated to the rational strengthening of
the central absolutist administration at the cost of lesser centers of political power.

Accepted Answer

monarchical

Question 49

In the first partition, Poland lost one-third of its territory to Russia, ______, and Austria.

Accepted Answer

_Prussia__

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