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Chapter 3
Bio Glossary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ORGANIC COMPOUND | A COVALENTLY BONDED COMPOUND THAT CONTAINS CARBON, EXCLUDING CARBONATES AND OXIDES. |
| FUNCTIONAL GROUP | PORTION OF A MOLECULE THAT IS ACTIVE IN A CHEMICAL REACTION AND DETERMINES THE PROPERTIES OF MANY ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. |
| MONOMER | SIMPLE MOLECULE THAT CAN COMBINE WITH OTHER LIKE OR UNLIKE MOLECULES TO AKE A POLYMER. |
| POLYMER | LARGE MOLECULE THAT IS FORMED BY MORE THAN FIVE MONOMERS, OR SMALL UNITS. |
| MACROMOLECULE | LARGE ORGANIC MOLECULE, USUALLY A POLYMER, COMPOSED FOR HUNDREDS OR THOUSANDS OF ATOMS. |
| CONDENSATION REACTION | CHEMICAL REACTION IN WHICH TWO OR MORE MOLECULES COMBINE TO PRODUCE WATER OR ANOTHER SIMPLE MOLECULE. |
| HYDROLYSIS | CHEMICAL REACTION BETWEEN WATER AND ANOTHER SUBSTANCE TWO FORM TWO OR MORE NEW SUBSTANCES, A REACTION BETWEEN WATER AND SALT TO FORM AN ACID OR BASE. |
| ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE | COMPOUND THAT STORES A LARGE AMOUNT OF ENERGY. |
| CARBOHYDRATE | ORGANIC COMPOUND THAT IS MADE OF CARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN AND PROVIDES NUTRIENTS TO THE CELLS OF LIVING THINGS. |
| MONOSACCHARIDE | SIMPLE SUGAR THAT IS THE BASIC SUBUNIT, OR MONOMER, OF CARBOHYDRATE. |
| DISACCHARIDE | SUGAR FORMED FROM TWO MONOSACCHARIDES. |
| POLYSACCHARIDE | ONE OF THE CARBOHYDRATES MADE UP OF LONG CHAINS OF SIMPLE SUGARS; IT INCLUDES STARCH, CELLULOSE AND GLYCOGEN. |
| PROTEIN | ORGANIC COMPOUND THAT IS MADE OF ONE OR MORE CHAINS OF AMINO ACIDS AND THAT IS A PRINCIPAL COMPONENT OF ALL CELLS. |
| AMINO ACID | ORGANIC MOLECULE THAT CONTAINS CARBOXYL AND AN AMINO GROUP AND MAKES UP PROTEINS. |
| PEPTIDE BOND | CHEMICAL BOND THAT FORMS BETWEEN THE CARBOXYL GROUP OF ONE AMINO ACID AND THE AMINO GROUP OF ANOTHER AMINO ACID. |
| POLYPEPTIDE | LONG CHAIN OF SEVERAL AMINO ACIDS. |
| ENZYME | A TYPE OF PROTEIN THAT SPEEDS UP METABOLIC REACTIONS IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS WITHOUT BEING PERMANENTLY CHANGED OR DESTROYED. |
| SUBSTRATE | A PART, SUBSTANCE OR ELEMENT THAT LIES BENEATH AND SUPPORTS ANOTHER PART, SUBSTANCE OR ELEMENT. THE REACTANT IN REACTIONS CATALYZED BY ENZYMES. |
| ACTIVE SITE | THE SITE OF AN ENZYME THAT ATTACHES TO A SUBSTRACT. |
| LIPID | A LARGE, NONPOLAR ORGANIC MOLECULE, INCLUDING FATS AND STEROIDS: LIPIDS STORE ENERGY AND MAKE UP CELL MEMBRANES. |
| FATTY ACID | ORGANIC ACID THAT IS CONTAINED IN LIPIDS, SUCH AS FATS AND OILS. |
| PHOSPHOLIPID | A LIPID THAT CONTAINS PHOSPHOROUS AND THAT IS A STRUCTURAL COMPONENT IN CELL MEMBRANES. |
| WAX | A TYPE OF STRUCTURAL LIPID CONSISTING OF A LONG FATTY-ACID CHAIN THAT IS JOINED TO A LONG ALCOHOL CHAIN. |
| STEROID | A TYPE OF LIPID THAT CONSIST OF FOUR CARBON RINGS TO WHICH VARIOUS FUNCTIONAL GROUPS ARE ATTACHED AND THAT USUALLY HAS A PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION. |
| NUCLEIC ACID | ORGANIC COMPOUND, EITHER RNA O DNA WHOSE MOLECULES ARE MADE UP OF ONE OR TWO CHAINS OF NUCLEOTIDES AND CARRY GENETIC INFO. |
| NUCLEOTIDE | IN A NUCLEIC-ACID CHAIN, A SUBUNIT THAT CONSIST OF SUGAR, A PHOSPHATE AND A NITROGENOUS BASE. |
| RIBONUCLEIC ACID | STORES AND TRANSFERS INFORMATION FROM DNA THAT IS ESSENTIAL FOR MANUFACTURING OF PROTEINS. |
| DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) | CONTAINS THE INFORMATION THAT DETERMINES THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ORGANISM. |
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