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histology quiz 1
histolgy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the difference between Prokayotic and Eukaryotic cells? | PoKaryotic does not have nuclear membrane, Euk does. Pro: bacteria and algae Euk: animals. Prok: cell wall Euk: plasma membrane |
| what are common features of Eukayotic cells? | plasma membrane, cytoplasm, membrane bound nucelus |
| the more cholesterol, the more ________ the plasma membrane | fluid |
| what makes up the fuzzy suace of the plasma membrane? | carbohydrates attached to surface. Called Glycocalyx or cell coat |
| name the 4 basic units of an organism | epithelum, connective tissues, muscle and nervous tissue |
| two compenents of cells are: | cytoplasm and nucleus |
| what three major things are suspended in ctyoplasm? | organelles cytoskeleton and inclusions. |
| Membranous or non membranoues organelle? 1.cell membrane 2. filaments 3. RER 4. mitochondria 5. peroxidome 6. centrioles 7. ribosomes | 1. m 2. nm 3. m 4. m 5. m 6 and 7: nm |
| Major function of cell membrane | structural inergrity of cell |
| what does Cell membrane look like in EM? | trilaminar |
| inner leaflet | inner dense line of trilaminar membrane |
| what do the inner and outer leaflets compose? | phospholipd bilayer |
| polar head of bilayer is....(hydrophilic or hydophobic.?) | hydrophilic |
| what are carrier proteins? | These are necessary to promote the transport of polar molecules across the hydrophobic central region of the plasma membrane. |
| simple diffusion | passive transport. small, uncharged particles move down conc. gradient |
| faciliated diffusion | passive transport. uses intregal proteins and does not require energy |
| active transport | usues intregal proteins and requires energy |
| channel proteins | These form hydrophilic pores called ion channels which facilitate passage of ions and small water‑soluble molecules. |
| how do the proteins fold to line the channel protein? | so that hydrophobic AA face the hydrophobic acyl tails, and the hydrophilic AA face inward. This makes polar lining for channel. |
| gated channels | opened by something. Classified into 4 categories |
| voltage gated channels opens by | depolarization of the membrane.The open position is unstable and returns to the closed position soon after opening. |
| ligand gated channels open by | the binding of a signaling molecule to the gate. They remain open until the ligand dissassociates from the gate. |
| mechanically gated channels open by | Physical manipulation is needed to open the gate, e.g. the hair cells of the inner ear, where bending of the stereocilia produces physical distortion that opens the gate. |
| G‑protein‑gated channels open by | A G‑protein complex (containing guanosine) reacts with a receptor, causing activation of the G‑protein which interacts with the gate to open the gate. |
| Endocytosis: | This is the uptake or ingestion of fluid, macromolecules, particulate matter, and other substances from the extracellular space. |
| Pinocytosis | mechanism of endocytosis. ingestion of fluid and small molecules by way of small vesicles less than 150 nm in diameter. It does not require clathrin. Liquid substances. Cell Drinking. |
| Receptor-mediated | mechanism of endocytosis.receptors for specific molecules are located at particular sites on the cell membrane. These sites become “coated pits” (as they appear in EM). This process requires clathrin.Receptors inside pit. Ligand attaches to receptor and p |
| Phagocytosis | mechanism of endocytosis. ingestion of large particles such as cell debris, bacteria, etc. and involves larger vesicles approximately 250 nm in diameter. “eaten up” Cell eating. |
| example of receptor mediated endocytosis? | vitamin D |
| endosome | vesicle created during receptor mediated endocytosis.membrane-bound compartments located near the cell membrane where vesicles derived from the cell membrane fus |
| exocytosis | This is the process by which a vesicle moves from cytoplasm to plasma membrane to discharge its contents into the extracellular space. |
| Lysosomes: | Membrane bound ball, containing acid hydrolases. They digest macromolecules, debris, old organelles…..the garbage truck. |
| residual bodies | The few things lysosomes cannot break down remain in membrane. |
| disease of lysosome disorders | tay sachs, gauchers, nieman pick |
| ribosomes | These are small electron‑dense particles composed of ribosomal RNA (4 types) and protein (80 different kinds). |
| ribosome function | They function as a surface on which proteins are synthesized. |
| ER | An interconnected system of channels, tubules and sacs which enclose a space called a cisterna. The ER is involved in protein synthesis and modification, lipid and steroid synthesis, and detoxification. It manufactures all membranes of the cell. |
| RER | It is prominent in cells specialized for protein secretion. |
| SER | the cytosolic (towards cytoplasm) surface of the membranes lacks associated polyribosomes. Most cells do not have an abundance of smooth ER unless they are involved in the synthesis of steroids, cholesterol, and triglycerides, or in detoxification |
| Golgi Apparatus. | This structure is involved in synthesis of carbohydrates, specifically polysaccharides, and modification and sorting of proteins produced on the RER. The organelle is composed of three smooth membrane‑limited compartments embedded in a network of mi |
| what is golgi usually associated with? | nucleus and the RER, |
| cis and trans faces of golgi | The Golgi cisterna nearest the RER is the cis face or cis-Golgi network, and opposite to this where large Golgi vesicles accumulate, is the trans face or trans-Golgi network. |
| Mitochondria. | These are spherical, rod‑shaped, or any of a variety of shaped organelles. (7-10 micrometers long) Using oxidative phosphorylation they produce ATP, a stable storage form of energy. |
| where are respiratory chain enzymes complexes found? | Inner membrane of mito |
| Mitochondrial ribosomes, function | transfer RNA, messenger RNA, and dense matrix granules are also found in the matrix. |
| Peroxisomes. (Microbodies) | These are small (microbodies) membrane-bound organelles containing more than 40 oxidative enzymes for catabolyzing long-chained fatty acids. |
| Inclusions | These are non‑living components of the cell |
| name 4 inclusions | glycogen - storage form of sugar lipid droplets - storage form of fat pigments - hemoglobin (useful), melanin (useful for UV), lipofuscin crystals (lydig cells, sertoli cells) |
| cytoskeleton | This is a 3‑dimensional meshwork of proteins that maintain cellular morphology and are involved in cellular motion. |
| 3 components of cytoskelton | thin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules |
| thin filaments | hese are composed of actin molecules, either free in the cytoplasm (G-actin) or polymerized into filaments (F-actin). Actin filaments are used as anchors in cell junctions, form the structural core of microvilli, are involved in cell locomotion/extension |
| intermediate filaments | slightly larger filaments composed of multiple subunits. These play a supporting or structural role. Solid |
| microtubules | rigid, hollow‑appearing cylindrical structures, one end of which is embedded in the centrosome.The centrosome is considered the microtubule organizing center. They are involved in intracellular transport and cell motility |
| centrioles | small, cylindrical structures, arranged perpendicular to each other and located in the centrosome. The centrosome is the region where most microtubules are formed.controls the configuration of microtubules formed during interphase |
| what type of cell does not have a nucleus? | RBC |
| what kind of cell has more than one nucleus? | osteoplasts |
| nucleus characteristics | largest organelle, containing nearly all the DNA,The site of assembly for ribosomal subunits, It is bounded by 2 lipid membranes |
| Major components of nucleus | A. chromatin- the genetic material. B. nucleolus‑the center of RNA synthesis. C. nucleoplasm‑contains macromolecules and nuclear particles involved in cell maintenance. D. nuclear envelope |
| Nuclear Envelope | This is composed of inner and outer nuclear membranes with the perinuclear cisternal space between them. |
| Chromatin | DNA is the genetic material and exists as chromosomes during cell division. At other times the chromosomes are unwound and exist in the form of chromatin. |
| nucleolus is the site of what? | RNA synthesis |
| glycosaminoglycans | long, inflexible, unbranched polysaccharides made of chains of repeating disaccharides, |
| proteoglycans | these are glycosaminoglycans that have formed covalent bonds with a protein core. |
| adhesive glycoproteins‑ | large macromolecules with several domains, at least one of which attaches to cell surface proteins (integrins); another binds to collagen fibers; and another binds to proteoglycans. These adhesive glycoproteins then bind the various components of tissues |
| 3 types of fibers | collagen, reticular, and elastic |
| Reticular fibers | type 3 collagen. |
| elastic fibers | slender, long, branching fibers manufactured by the fibroblasts of connective tissue. They may be stretched to 150% of their resting length before breaking. They are found in loose connective tissue, and in ligaments and the walls of large blood vessels |
| Basement membrane‑ | a specialized extracellular matrix found at the interface of epithelial cells, nervous tissue, and muscle with connective tissue. |
| what kinds of collagenn is lamina reticularis composed of? | type 1 and 3 |
| lamna lucida | superficial layer of basal lamina |
| lamina densa | deeper layer of basle lamina |
| name four tissue groups | Epithilium, connective tissue, uscle and nervous tissue |
| functions of epithelium | protection, transcelllar transport, secretion and absorption |
| how does epithilium control the movement of materials between body copartments? | selective permeablity |
| name classification of one cell thick epithilium. what are the 3 kinds? Describe them | Simple Epithelium. Squamous: flattened Cuboidal: tall as they are wide. Square Columnar: Taller than wide. Column |
| psuedostratified epithelium | look like they are stratified, but not really. |
| Stratified epithelum | multiple layers |
| Stratizfied Squamous can be either | keritinized or non keritinized |
| where is transistional straified epithelium located | urinary tract |
| what layer is reference when classifiying stratified | top layer |
| Occludding juntions (tight junctions) | most superficial, closest to apex on lateral surfaces. Forms a belt around the circumference of the cell Forms impermeable barrier Fusion occurs between outer leaflets Membranes fuse, diverge, fuse again, etc. |
| Anchoring junctions (adherent junctions): 2 Types | Zonula adherens - "beltlike". Macula adherens (desmosome) -" a spot". |
| Gap junctions | Epithelia, smooth and cardiac muscle cells and neurons, NO in skeletal muscles. Permit passage of ions and small molecules between cells 6 closely packed transmembrane proteins called connexins form a pore (connexon) 2 connexons in register |
| hemidismosomes | half desmosomes |
| Stereocilia characteristics | a kind of microvillis Found in hair cells of inner ear Unusually long Immotile Found in epididymis and proximal ductus deferens |
| cilia | hair like projections, propels mucus |
| exocrine glands | secrete products onto surface directly |
| goblet cells | unicellular exocrine cells |
| endocrine glands | Release secretions into connective tissue, picked up by blood or lymph and distributed throughout body |
| Paracrine secretion | indiv cells release products that only affect nearby cells |
| Merocrine | Delivered I membrane bound vesicles to the plasma membrane and extruded by exocytosis. |
| Apocrine | Released within apical portion of cell. Surrounded by thin layer of cytoplasm within the envelope of plasma membrane |
| Holocrine | Secretory product accumulates within the cell, undergoes programmed cell death, and secretion and cell debris are discharged into the lumen of the gland. |
| components of connective tissue | cells, extracellular matrix (fibers, ground substance, tissue fluid) |
| Functions of connective tissue | 1. Structural Support 2. A Medium of exchange - of metabolic nutrients, wastes, and oxygen between blood and many cells of body. 3. Defense and protection - |
| fibroblast characteristics | a. Synthesize both the fibrs and the extracellular matrix b. Capable of some movement c. Divide rarely d. When activly secreting, they are basophilic, but the cytoplasm is ore palestaining at other times. e. Tendancy to be spindle shaped. |
| Myofiboblast characteristics | a. Not easily identifiable in routine H & E tissue sections b. Characteristics of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells c. Abundant in areas of wound contraction and in certain other sites. |
| macrophage characteristics | a. Derived from monocytes of the blood, and migrate into the connective tissue, where they live for many months. b. They are phagocytes and also function as antigen presenting cells for helper CD4+ lymphocytes c. May fuse together to form mutilnuclea |
| Mast cells structure and function | a. Large cells with numerous basophilic granules b. Graunles contain heparin, histamine, ad other chemicals c. They function in immune system by initiating the immediate hypersensitivity reaction |
| Pericyte | cells found wrapped to some extent around capillaries and venules, and covered by basal lamina continuous with that of the capillary endothelium. Technically, that places them outside the connective tissue. |
| Collagen | Glycoprotein fiber consisting of subunits (collagen fibrils), staining with acid dyes, and with high tesile strength. |
| reticylar fibers are made up of | type 3 collagen |
| what does ground substance mostly consist of? | proteoglycans |
| adipose tissue characteristics | Specialized conectie tissue in which fat-storing cells are predominant cell type Assoc. with a rich blood supply Storage form of calories, water, and energy |
| fx of white adiposen tissue | energy storage, insulation and the cushioning of vital organs |
| what synthesizes and secretes leptin | white adipose |
| leptin | a peptide hormone inolved in regulation of energy homeostasis |
| white is what type of adipose tissue? | unicellular |
| brown is what type of adipose tissue? | brown |
| where is brown adipose found | Large amounts found in hibernating animals, but in humans it is found in large amounts only in the newborn.Disappears from most sites in humans, except kidneys, adrenal glands, aorta, neck and mediastinum |
| Cartilage and bone are both connective tissues. they consist of: | cells, fibers, matrix |
| Cartilage properties | Semi rigid supported tissue strong, but slightly flexible.Resistant to compression forces.Prominent in the fetus, but much of it replaced by bone.Avascular and nourished by long range diffusion. |
| In the Adult, cartilage remains in: | Articlating surfaces of bones In joints that much movement As the costal cartilages In walls of the major airways and respiratory pathways (keeps them open!) In the pinnae of the ear and nose |
| 3 Types of cartilage | Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage |
| Chondroblasts are derived from | mesencyme. |
| Cells at periphery of hyaline secrete | Perichondrium |
| Elastic fiber properties | a. Resembles hyaline, except that in addtion to type II collagen fibrils, it also contains acidophilic elastic fibers and sheets of elastic material, Highly resiliant, Perichondrium present |
| Fibrocartilage | Combo of dense regular connective tissue and hyaline cartilage, No perichondrium |
| fiber content of bone | collagen 1 primarily, some V |
| is bone vascular or a vascular | HIGHLY vascular |
| canaliculi | ○ The osteocyte extends numerous cell processes into tiny canals called canaliculi ("little canals") that are bathed in tissue fluid derived from blood capillaries incorporated in the bone during development. |
| what are cells of bone called? | osteoctyes |
| osteoclast. | § These are large, multinucleated, motile, non-dividing cells. § They resorb surplus or inferior bone matrix and are therefore heavily involved in the remodeling of bone. |
| osteoid | ○ Until it is calcified, the matrix is referred to as this |
| Compact bone is organized in | haversian systems |
| Compact bone is organized in | trabeculae, thin, anastomosing spicules of bone tissue. |
| osteoblast | the bone-forming cell, secreting both collagen and ground substance, and then calcifying the matrix. |
| what bones develop by endo- chondral bone formation. | The bones of the extremities and those parts of the axial skeleton that are weight-bearing (e.g. vertebrae) |
| what bones develop by intramembranous formation | The flat bones of the skull and face, the mandible, and the clavicle |
| Immature bone is also called | primary bone |
| Mature bone is also called | secondary bone. |
| which bone has more mineral content, mature or immature? | mature |
| blood | Blood is a specialized connective tissue composed of formed elements: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, suspended in a fluid matrix-the blood plasma. It, like other connective tissues, is derived from mesenchyme. |
| The total volume of blood in the human body | 6 liters |
| Blood normally has a pH of | 7.4 |
| Coagulation is mediated by | platelets and blood-borne factors that transform blood from a sol to a gel. |
| Blood: Functions | transport of materials, regulation of body temp, maint. of acid base osmotic balance, pathway fo migration of WBC |
| Plasma | A yellowish fluid with the solid elements, organic elements, and electrolytes suspended or dissolved in it. |
| plasma properties | Water is 90%, proteins 9%, and inorganic salts, ions, nitrogenous compounds and gases 1% of the volume. |
| Albumin | is responsible for the colloid osmotic pressure of blood that maintains normal blood and interstitial fluid volumes. |
| Erythrocytes # | 5 million cells per cubic millimeter of blood in males, 4.5 million cells per cubic millimeter in females. |
| Erythrocytes life span | 120 days |
| Rh factor | is a group of antigens, three of which (C,D, & E) are common-85% of Americans- and are considered Rh positive. |
| what determines blood type? | Specific inherited carbohydrate chains in the plasmalemma determine the blood group of the individual, A, B, AB or O). |
| Leukocytes | There are two groups: granulocytes with conspicuous specific granules in the cytoplasm, and agranulocytes which lack conspicuous granules in the cytoplasm.Both groups have nonspecific (azurophilic granules thought to be lysosomes) in their cytoplasm. |
| Granulocytes: Eosinophils | Sausage-shaped, bilobed nucleus connected by a thin strand, Large eosinophilic specific granules, Found in large numbers in parasitic infections and in local allergic responses. |
| Granulocytes: Basophils | 1% of total WBC’s, 8 to 10 micrometers in diameter, S-shaped nucleus often masked by the large specific granules in the cytoplasm.These are initiators of the inflammatory process and contribute to the anaphylactic reaction. |
| Agranulocytes: Monocytes | The largest cells, Ave. 18 micrometers in diameter. Cytoplasm is bluish-gray with a large kidney-shaped nucleus. They stay in circulation only a few days and migrate through the endothelium of venules to become macrophages. 2 to 6% of total WBC’s |
| Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes | Most are small lymphocytes, but some are large or medium-sized lymphocytes. The nucleus is dense and dark-staining. The cytoplasm is light blue and scant. Three functional categories: B lymphocytes T lymphocytes NK cells |
| Platelets | Small disk-shaped, non-nucleated cell fragments 2- 4 micrometers in diameter in blood smears. Produced by megakaryocytes Store serotonin in granules and platelet-derived growth factor in other granules. Key role is to terminate hemorrhage. |
| Hemopoiesis | A process by which mature blood cells develop from precursor cells. |
| Bone Marrow | A meshwork of vascular sinuses and branched network of reticular connective tissue. |
| bone marrow function | in blood formation from the 5th month until death. |
| . The cis face of the Golgi apparatus is nearest the | rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) |
| little bags of digestive enzymes are | Lysosomes |
| Membrane transport proteins that form ion channels to enable passage of ions and small water-soluble molecules through the plasma membrane are | channel proteins |
| The largest part of the cell cytoplasm is composed of | water |
| cylindrical, membrane-bound cytoplasmic projections from the apical (luminal) surface of certain epithelial cells are | microvilli |
| Cell organelles are metabolically active, living structures T or F? | true |
| Flagellae are found in the hair cells of the inner ear. T or F | false |
| a process by which the plasmalemma forms a surface vesicle to ingest macromolecules, particulate matter, etc. from the extracellular space | Endocytosis: |
| Reticular fibers of the connective tissue are | composed of collagen type III, . forms the architectural framework ,found prominently in lymph nodes |
| In pseudostratified epithelium, where do cells rest? | . all cells rest on the basement membrane |
| What cell secretes the extracellular matrix in loose areolar connective tissue? | fibroblasts |
| would expect to find simple cuboidal epithelium in the follicles of thyroid gland? | yes |
| what cells secrete histamine and other vasoactive chemicals, and initiates the immediate hypersensitivity reaction (the anaphylactic reaction): | mast cells |
| Glands that secrete their product by means of ducts are | exocrine glands |
| Merocrine glands release their product by means of exocytosis. T or F | true |
| Glandular epithelia lack a basal lamina.. T or F | false |
| . Brown fat differs from white adipose tissue by | by having numerous small cytoplasmic lipid droplets instead of one large globule |
| The epithelium characteristic of the urinary tract is | transitional epithelium |
| Wharton's jelly is: | a mucous embryonic connective tissue found in the umbilical cord |
| Simple epithelia provide little protection against mechanical abrasion, but are involved in selective diffusion, absorption, or secretion.TorF | true |
| Proteins that need to be packaged for delivery outside of the cell or must be kept isolated from the cytosol are synthesized where | on the surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER |
| Ribosomes are made up of a large subunit and a small subunit. t or f | true |
| A tiny structure associated with the base of each cilium is the: | basal body |
| Involvement in the synthesis of carbohydrates, and the modification and sorting of proteins synthesized elsewhere is the role of the: | Golgi apparatus |
| The center of RNA synthesis in the cell is the: | nucleolus |
| what is a junctional structure with a gap between the membranes that is traversed by minute tubular passageways allowing passage of ions and small molecules | gap junction |
| Dense regular connective tissue is present in: | tendons |
| Specialized cell surface structures called flagella are found | in spermatozoa |
| Epithelia receive a rich blood supply via an elaborate capillary bed. T or F | false |
| Cells of the connective tissue that produce antibodies are referred to as immunocompetent cells. T or F | true |
| Stereocilia are a special form of: | microvilli |
| Goblet cells are unicellular glands that secrete: | mucinogen |
| All connective tissues, including the specialized connective tissues such as bone have as a component: | cells, fibers, and extracellular matrix |
| what is responsible for protein synthesis,is often continuous with the nuclear membrane, has polyribosomes attached to the cytosolic surfaces of its membranes | rer |
| in what epithelium do. all cells touch the basement membrane | pseudostratified epithelium |
| Epithelium of the skin is: | stratified squamous epithelium |
| The circumferential very tight intercellular seal at the topmost lateral areas of epithelial cells is called: | zonula occludens |
| what is composed of two parallel unit membranes,continuous with rer, has pores that are nevertheless not holes through which substances freely pass | The nuclear membrane (envelope): |
| Some proteins in the cell membrane (plasmalemma) function as | . receptors for ligand molecules |
| The part of the basement membrane which is manufactured by the epithelial cells is called: | basal lamina |
| The basement membrane of epithelial tissues serves: | as a support on which epithelial cells rest and allows diffusion of nourishment to the epithelium |
| . Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is not: responsible for production of adenosine triphosphate by oxidative phosphorylation. T or F | True |
| The white appearance of tendons and thick facial sheaths is due to: | dense, thick bundles of regular connective tissue composed mainly of collagen |
| what are disc-shaped junctional structures with intercellular hydrophilic channels located in the lateral walls of epithelial cells | gap junctions |
| what originate by pinching off the Golgi apparatus, fuse with phagosomes , contain enzymes originally synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum | Primary lysosomes: |
| A coat of carbohydrate chains attached to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane is | . the glycocalyx |
| Microtubules are part of the: | cytoskeleton |
| . The epithelium of the respiratory tract is: | pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium |
| Epithelial functions include: | a. detection of sensations b. secretion of mucous, hormones, enzymes, etc. c. controlling the movement of materials between body compartments |
| Thin filaments of the cytoskeleton are | two chains of G-actin coiled together |
| what uses oxidative phosphorylation and the production of ATP | mitochondira |
| Ungated channels require the binding of a signaling molecule to carrier proteins t or f? | false |
| Large, multinucleated bone cells which are derived from bone marrow precursors are | osteoclasts |
| Oxygen is chiefly carried in the blood in the | red blood cell, bound to the heme moiety of hemoglobin |
| The three major types of cartilage are classified according to | . types of connective tissue fibers incorporated into the matrix |
| The circumferential lamellae surrounding a central canal, and found in compact bone are referred to as Haversian systems or: | osteons |
| The process by which cells of the perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts to generate cartilage is called: | appositional cartilaginous growth |
| The type of bone formation in which bone is laid down within a cartilaginous precursor is called: | endochondral bone formation |
| Null cells are a type of | . lymphocyte |
| . Dense regular connective tissue is present in | tendons |
| Which of the following is involved in the initiation of blood coagulation? | platelets |
| Fibrocartilage is found in the: | pubic symphysis |
| The smooth muscle of the walls of blood vessels is located in the: | tunica media |
| Red blood cells have an average lifespan of: | 7-120 days |
| . Blood vessels consisting of only a single layer of squamous cells rolled into a tube are: | capillaries |
| Volkmann's canal is | . a canal that forms a communication between Haversian canals |
| Chondrogenic cells of the inner layer of the perichondrium differentiate into _____ in order to lay down matrix at the periphery of the cartilage. | chondroblasts |
| . Osteoclast activity is controlled by _______________ and ______________. | (blank) |
| . Basophils are the rarest of the leukocytes found in a peripheral blood smear true or false | true |
| Chondrocytes receive their nourishment by way of: | diffusion from blood vessels in the perichondrium |
| wjay is composed of marrow that is still actively forming blood cells | red bone marrow |
| The periosteum inserts into the bone by way of: | collagenous fibers of Sharpey |
| The proportion of bone dry weight that is inorganic is about | 65% |
| A reservoir for 99% of the calcium of the body: | bone |
| what muscle is slow and not easily fatigued | red muscle |
| Skeletal muscle has limited powers of regeneration, but cardiac muscle cannot regenerate: T or F | true |
| The end-to-end junctions of cardiac muscle cells are called: | intercalulated disks |
| Erythrocyte precursor cells expel their _____ as they mature and enter the circulation as erythrocytes. | nuclei and all their organelles |
| . Many medium-sized veins have _____, thin folds of the tunica intima, to prevent the backflow of blood | valves |
| The part of the wall of blood vessels consisting of endothelium, subendothelial connective tissue, and in muscular arteries the internal elastic lamina, is the: | tunica intima |
| Monocytes, after they exit the circulation and enter the tissues, become | macrophages |
| . In cardiac and smooth muscle the nuclei are located on the periphery of the muscle cells: T or F | False |
| Satellite cells in shallow depressions on the surface of muscle cells are responsible for regeneration of which kind of muscle? | skeletal |
| what serves as a contractile element in walls of viscera and blood vessels | smooth muscle |
| Reticular fibers of the connective tissue are made of: | collagen |
| The Haversian system (osteon) is: | a complex of concentric layers (lamellae) of cells and matrix around a core of blood vessels and nerves in secondary bone |
| The outer surface of most cartilaginous tissues is covered by: | perichondrium |
| Name one location where you would expect to find elastic cartilage: _____ | pinna of ear |
| what are they are derived from osteoprogenitor cells | osteoblasts |
| is collagen a glycoprotein? | no |
| Name one location where you would expect to find fibrocartilage: _____ | intervertebral disk |
| The component of the ground substance that has an adhesive function, binding other components together: | glycoproteins |
| Cells that partly surround the endothelial cells of capillaries and small venules, and are considered a cellular component of the connective tissue: | pericytes |
| can cardiac muscle regenrate? | no |
| can skeletal muscle regenerate? | yes |
| Thick myofilaments are: | myosin |
| Thin myofilaments are: | actin |
| merocrine glands secrete by | exocytosis |
| Glands originate from: | epithelial cells |
| A unicellular exocrine cell that secretes mucinogens is the: | goblet cells |
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