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A&P II ANS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| We lack awareness of many of our bodies symptoms for maintaining homeostasis. The sensations movements and secretions of organs such as the heart and intestines are governed by which system? | Autonomic nervous system |
| The knee-jerk reflex ( when the quadriceps muscles contract after the patellar tendon is tapped) is the work of which system? | Somatic nervous system because the effector is skeletal muscle |
| The first of the two autonomic nervous system motor neurons is which neuron? | Preganglionic |
| Do motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system excite or inhibit effector organs? | Both the motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system can either excite or inhibit effector organs |
| Preganglionic axons of the autonomic nervous system release which neurotransmitter? | Acetylcholine |
| Which system have ganglia for motor neurons? | the autonomic nervous system |
| Where are the motor neurons for the sympathetic nervous system? | sympathetic trunk ganglia |
| Where are the autonomic motor neurons for the parasympathetic nervous system? | In the intramural or terminal ganglia. |
| Where are terminal ganglia found? | Near the effector of the parasympathetic division |
| Where are intramural ganglia found? | within the walls of the organs they innervate in the parasympathetic division |
| What effector organs do the autonomic nervous system innervate? | Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands |
| What do the two divisions of the autonomic system have in common? | They both contain autonomic ganglia to house ganglionic neurons |
| Which division functions to conserve energy and replenish the supply of nutrients? | Parasympathetic |
| Which division functions to increase alertness and direct body responses in stressful situations? | The sympathetic division |
| Which system has long preganglionic axons and therefore ganglia that are relatively far from the central nervous system? | Parasympathetic nervous system |
| Which system contains short preganglionic axons that branch extensively? | The sympathetic nervous system. |
| Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic division of the ANS? | CN III, CN VII, CN IX, CN X |
| What is the cranial nerve that supplies parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic organs? | CN X the vagus nerve |
| Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division originate where? | Lateral Horn of the thoracolumbar spinal segments |
| Where are sympathetic trunks located? | Lateral to the vertebral column |
| What carries the postganglionic sympathetic axons from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerve? | Gray rami communicants |
| White Rami communicantes carry preganglionic sympathetic axons from T1- L2 spinal nerves to the sympathetic trunk? T or F | True |
| What do gray rami from the sympathetic trunk connect to? | All spinal nerves |
| Where are prevertebral ganglia located? | Anterior to the vertebral column |
| Which sympathetic pathway involves only a preganglionic axon going to the effector organ? | Adrenal medulla pathways |
| Which pathway do the preganglionic axons directly innervate the effector | Adrenal medulla pathway |
| When acetylcholine binds to nicotinic receptors what type of response does it initiate? | excitatory response |
| What neurotransmitter do muscarinic receptors bind to? | Acetylcholine |
| What is autonomic tone? | It is the continual activity maintained by the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions |
| When an individual effector receives input from both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic system what is this called? | Dual innervation |
| The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have what type of effects on heart rate. | Antagonistic |
| Which type of innovation causes pupil dilation? | Sympathetic |
| Which type of innervation causes the heart rate to increase? | Sympathetic |
| What are the effector organs involved in the autonomic reflex? | Cardiac muscle contraction, smooth muscle contraction and secretions by glands |
| What is the integration and command center for the autonomic functions in the brain? | Hypothalamus |
| The centers for cardiac, digestive and basic motor functions are housed where? | Brain stem |
| Where do ganglionic neurons usually synapse with preganglionic neurons? | Autonomic ganglia |
| Ganglionic axons intervate at what point? | Visceral effectors |
| Which motor neurons conduct impulses to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands? | Autonomic motor neurons |
| The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as? | Thoracolumbar division |
| What is the craniosacral division? | Parasympathetic division |
| What is the division of the autonomic nervous system that is known for the rest and digest division? | Parasympathetic |
| Where are the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system located? | Lateral gray horns of segments T1-L2 of the spinal column |
| Which system initiates contraction of the urinary bladder smooth muscle? | Parasympathetic nervous system |
| Which system has ganglia that are usually near or within the end organ? | Parasympathetic nervous system |
| Where are preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic neurons present? | Cranial nerve 3 7 9 and 10 |
| Which neurotransmitter is released at the sympathetic chain ganglia? | Acetylcholine |
| What does the Adrenal medulla secrete? | Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| How do nicotinic receptors work and why are they always excitatory? | They open chemically gated sodium ion channels |
| What activates muscarinic receptors? | Acetylcholine |
| What happens when a neuron with nicotinic receptors is exposed to acetylcholine? | Activation of chemically gated ion channels, excitation of the neuron and entry of sodium ions |
| What effects are associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers? | Increased sweat secretion, reduced circulation to the skin, dilation of pupils and increase blood flow to the skeletal muscle |
| What is dual innervation? | When both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems innervate with an organ |
| What system controls the diameter of the pupil? | Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. Parasympathetic constricts the pupil, sympathetic dilated the pupil. |
| The parasympathetic nervous system especially active during which physiological state? | Digestion |
| What is the background rate of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity? | Autonomic tone |
| How many neurons does the motor pathway of the autonomic system usually involve? | Two, the preganglionic and postganglionic |
| Where do most fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system travel? | In the vagus nerve |
| Sympathetic fibers arise only from which region of the spinal cord? | Thoracic and Lumbar |
| What does the Adrenal medulla primarily secrete? | Epinephrine |
| Which nerve carries most parasympathetic fibers? | Cranial nerve X. the vagus nerve |
| The parasympathetic division arises from which region of the spinal cord? | craniosacral region |
| Which organ is not dually innervated? | The Adrenal medulla only innervated by the sympathetic nervous system |
| What do muscarinic receptors bind to? | Acetylcholine |
| If acetylcholine binds to a nicotinic receptor of a muscle fiber what is the outcome? | Excitation of the muscle |
| Antagonistic effects of two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are exemplified in the control of what? | Gastrointestinal Mobility |
| What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system? | Sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system? | Homeostasis |
| Which system constrict alveoli? | Parasympathetic |
| Which system dilates the pupils? | Sympathetic |
| Which system innervates with terminal and intramural ganglia. | Parasympathetic |
| Which system affects the erection? | Parasympathetic |
| Which system stimulates for ejaculation? | Sympathetic |
| Is acetylcholine excitatory or inhibitory? | Excitatory |
| Is norepinephrine excitatory or inhibitory? | Excitatory |
| What regions of the central nervous system play a role in regulating the autonomic nervous system? | Cerebrum, Princeton, spinal cord and hypothalamus |
| A cluster of cell bodies is known as what? | Ganglia |
| Which autonomic nervous system effector undergoes a posing effects without dual innervation? | Blood vessels |
| What connects the spinal nerves to each sympathetic trunk? | Rami communicantes |
| What detect stimuli associated with blood vessels and or internal organs? | Visceral sensory structures |
| Name the three divisions of the abdominal aortic plexus. | Celiac ganglion, Superior mesenteric ganglion, and inferior mesenteric ganglion |
| Erection and ejaculation is an example of what type of dual innervation? | Cooperative |
| Heart rate is an example of what type of dual innervation? | Antagonistic |
| Which pathway results in a synapse occurring in one of the prevertebral ganglia? |
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Dspaeth0124