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IPHY 3410- exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 cytoskeletal elements | microtubule, microfilament, intermediate filament |
| microtubule | attachment for organelles |
| microfilament | generate contractile forces for movement |
| intermediate filament | resist pulling forces |
| where is rRNA produced? | nucleolus |
| ARVD | arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia; mutation in desmosome linker proteins that causes sudden death in children |
| 3 types of cell junctions | desmosomes, gap junctions, tight junctions |
| organ definition | 2+ tissue types involved in one function |
| 4 tissue types | epithelium, connective, nervous, muscle |
| 4 functions of connective tissue | connects, forms skeletal tissue, carries/stores nutrients, supports |
| 2 things in extracellular matrix of CT | fibers and ground substance |
| 4 types of connective tissue | CT proper, cartilage, bone, blood |
| 3 types of fibers in extracellular matrix of connective tissue | collagen, elastic, reticular |
| which extracellular matrix protein is strongest & most abundant?: | collagen |
| which extracellular matrix protein is short/supportive?: | reticular fibers |
| 3 consistencies of ground substance | jelly, fluid, or mineralized |
| what gives rise to fibrocytes? | fibroblasts |
| what gives rise to chondrocytes | chondroblasts |
| what gives rise to osteocytes | osteoblasts |
| what gives rise to blood cells | hematopoietic stem cells |
| anatomical difference b/w loose and dense CT proper | fewer fibers in loose |
| 3 types of loose CT | areolar, adipose, reticular |
| 3 types of dense CT | regular, irregular, elastic |
| reticular connective tissue | network of reticular fibers; found in organs like spleen w/ a lot of blood cells |
| dense regular CT | (dense CT proper) collagen fibers run parallel; found in ligaments and tendons |
| dense irregular CT | (dense CT proper) collagen fibers run in many directions; found in joint capsules |
| elastic CT- where found? | (dense CT proper) high concentration of elastic fibers, found in large arteries |
| what two tissues comprise a membrane? | epithelial and CT proper |
| 3 types of membranes | cutaneous, mucous, serous |
| mucous membrane | lines organs that are "outside" of body |
| serous membrane | surrounds organs and lines body cavities |
| 2 layers of serous membranes | parietal layer, visceral layer |
| peritoneum | serous membrane that lines abdominopelvic cavity and surrounds abdominopelvic organs |
| pleura | serous membrane that lines pleural cavity and surrounds lungs |
| pericardium | serous membrane that lines pericardial cavity/surrounds heart |
| serous & mucous membranes are _____ | one component of an organ (not a whole organ) |
| 5 functions of the skin | water resistant, excretion of liquids and salts, sensory, body temp regulation, protection |
| the dermis is made up of what 2 types of CT | loose areolar and dense irregular |
| 5 layers of epidermis | basale, spinosum, granulosum, (lucidum), corneum |
| two types of granules in stratum granulosum | keratohyaline (keratin), lamellated (glycolipid) |
| what are the bumps on top of the dermis called? | dermal papillae |
| 1st degree burn | damage to just epidermis |
| 2nd degree burn | damage to dermis |
| 3rd degree burn | damage to hypodermis or deeper |
| what % of body w/ 3rd degree burns is critical? | greater than 10% |
| what % of body w/ 2nd degree burns is critical? | >25% |
| what is fine body hair called? | vellus |
| what is coarse hair called? | terminal |
| 3 body regions where hair isn’t found | soles of feet, palms, lips |
| round hair | straight |
| oval hair | wavy |
| rectangular hair | curly |
| medical name for baldness | androgenic alopecia |
| what happens in male pattern baldness? | lower androgens shrinks hair follicles |
| 3 parts of the nail | keratin nail, nail matrix (actively growing cells), lanula (visible part of matrix) |
| two types of sudoriferous glands | eccrine and apocrine |
| where are apocrine glands found | (type of sudoriferous gland) axillary, genital, and anal areas |
| basal cell carcinoma | abnormal cells of stratum basale grow into dermis and hypodermis |
| squamous cell carcinoma | abnormal cells arise from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum |
| melanoma | most dangerous type of skin cancer, cells metastasize quickly into blood vessels |
| keloid scar | raised scar; collagen fibers continue to be produced after healing is complete |
| 7 special characteristics of epithelium | cellularity (little extra space), many cell junctions, polarity, basement membrane, avascular, innervated, highly regenerative |
| main function of cilia | movement of mucous |
| 5 possible functions of epithelia | protection, absorption, filtration, diffusion, chemoreception |
| 3 shapes of epithelia | squamous, cuboidal, columnar |
| shape named in epithelia based on | cells at apical surface |
| 3 functions of simple squamous epithelium | diffusion, filtration, secretion |
| 2 functions of simple cuboidal epithelium | absorption, secretion |
| 3 functions of simple columnar epithelium | absorption, secretion, movement of mucous |
| pseudostratified epithelium is usually | ciliated |
| where is stratified cuboidal epithelium located | ducts |
| stratified columnar epithelium | rare, functions in protection |
| transitional epithelium | unique to bladder, allows cells to change shape as it stretches |
| two main types (functionally) of epithelium | membranous, glandular |
| two types of ducts | simple and compound |
| two shapes of glands | tubular and alveolar |
| chondroblasts secrete what | collagen and elastic fibers |
| what type of cartilage makes up embryonic skeleton | hyaline |
| function of elastic cartilage | able to withstand repeated bending |
| two locations of elastic cartilage | epiglottis and external ear (pinnae) |
| elastic cartilage contents | like hyaline but more elastic fibers |
| 3 locations of fibrocartilage | intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint |
| function of fibrocartilage | tensile strength with ability to absorb compressive shock |
| fibrocartilage fibers/makeup | higher concentration of collagen than hyaline, stronger but less firm |
| cauliflower ear | perichondrium separates from elastic cartilage; permanent scar tissue forms in damaged region |
| 6 functions of the skeletal system | support, movement, protection, mineral reservoir, hemopoiesis, endocrine |
| 4 types of bones | long, short, irregular, flat |
| how many types of tissues are found in bone | all 4 |
| which is the last growth plate to close? | sternal-clavicle |
| what is in medullary cavity during childhood? | red bone marrow |
| what type of cartilage makes up the epiphyseal plate? | hyaline |
| what is the difference between osteoblasts and osteocytes? | become osteocytes when they’re trapped; osteoblasts are outside the matrix |
| what are the remnants of old osteons called | interstitial lamella |
| perforating canals aka | volkmann’s |
| two types of bone growth | endochondral and intramembranous |
| osteoclasts secrete what | HCl |
| paget’s disease | excessive remodeling of bone in an unorganized fashion |
| 3 functions of muscle tissue | move material through the body, to produce movement, to generate heat |
| 4 characteristics of skeletal muscle | excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity |
| extensibility vs. elasticity | extensibility is just to extend back to resting, elasticity is to stretch |
| excitability definition | can respond to a stimulus |
| contractility definition | contracts in response to a stimulus |
| t-tubule | extension of sarcolemma that wraps around myofibrils |
| titin | large spring like protein that attaches z-disc to myosin |
| titin allows for what characteristic of muscle | elasticity |
| motor unit | 1 motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates |
| motor units in large muscles | 2000 fibers per unit |
| motor units in small muscles | 10 fibers per unit |
| 4 muscle shapes | parallel, pennate, convergent, circular |
| which muscle shape is strongest? | pennate |
| which muscle shape shortens most? | parallel |
| what type of tissue is periosteum | dense irregular CT |
| origin | attachment site that doesn’t move |
| insertion | attachment site that moves |
| direct muscle attachment | short/dense CT fibers that connect muscles to bone |
| indirect muscle attachment | long, dense CT fibers connect muscle to bone (tendons/aponeurosis) |
| aponeurosis | flat sheet of CT that connects muscle to bone (behind rectus abdominus) |
| synergist | muscles that work together to perform an action |
| antagonists | muscles that perform opposite functions |
| prime mover | (agonist) muscle that is primarily responsible for movement |
| fixator | synergist that assists by holding a bone in place |
| What type of epithelial tissue lines the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs? | simple squamous |
| In which layer of the skin are sebaceous glands located? | reticular layer of the dermis |
| Identify the tissue types that make up the layers of the skin from superficial to deep | Stratified squamous epithelium; areolar connective tissue; dense irregular connective tissue |
| what surrounds the human eye in order to protect and cushion it | loose CT |
| what attaches muscle to bone and has the ability to resist tension due to the thick collagen fibers | dense CT |
| what ground substance is able to hold fluid and is resistant to compression | cartilage |
| merkel cell | touch receptor |
| Langerhans' cell | dendritic cell |
| Striations are found within which muscle types? | cardiac and skeletal |
| Muscles that are over a foot in length exist within which muscle types? | skeletal only |
| Sarcomeres are found within which muscle types | skeletal and cardiac |
| what secretes collagen (2) | osteoblasts and fibroblasts |
| which cell type is a defense cell of the epidermis? | langerhans cell (dendritic) |
| which immune cell type would you expect to find in a typical loose areolar connective tissue | mast cell |
| primary difference between a Dense Connective Tissue and a Loose Connective Tissue | a dense connective tissue contains more collagen fibers |
| which type of connective tissue is most concentrated in the hypodermis | adipose |
| Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva | bone replaces cartilage |
Created by:
melaniebeale