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Chem Quiz Ch. 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| matter | the material of the universe - has mass and takes up space |
| substance | a sample of matter having a constant (uniform or definite) composition |
| atoms | fundamental unit of which elements are made, smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element |
| elements | substances made by bonding two or more of the same atoms together |
| compounds | substances made by bonding two or more different atoms in specific ways |
| molecules | a collection of atoms bonded together that behave as a unit |
| allotropes | different physical forms of the same element |
| states of matter | solid, liquid, and gas |
| solid | matter that has definite shape and volume |
| liquid | matter that has definite volume, but takes the shape of its container |
| gas | matter that takes both the shape and volume of its container |
| properties of matter | properties are physical or chemical characteristics of substances |
| physical property | |
| chemical property | a characteristic of a substance that describes the ability of that substance to change into a different substance |
| physical changes | changes in a substance that do not change the chemical composition of the substance |
| chemical changes | changes in a substance that change the chemical composition of the substance |
| mixture | two or more substances (elements or compounds) that are physically combined |
| homogeneous | a type of mixture that is completely uniform in composition |
| heterogeneous | a type of mixture that is not uniform in composition |
| distillation | used to separate two or more liquids taking advantage of differences in boiling points |
| filtration | used to separate solids from liquids, or solids from other solids |
| chromatography | used to separate substances with different masses that dissolve in a common solvent |
| electrolysis | used to break compounds apart into elements, or to seperate ion susing electrical charge |
| trace minerals | mineral that is essential but present in small quantities |
| Law of Constant Composition | a given compound always contains the same proportions |
| chemical formula | the types of atoms and the number of each type in each unit (molecule) of s given compound |
| nucleus | central, dense core of the atom that contains most of the mass of the atom (protons + neutrons) |
| proton | positively charged particle found in the nucleus of the atom |
| neutron | neutral particle found in nucleus of the atom |
| nucleon | particle in the nucleus - refers to either protons or neutrons |
| electron | negatively charged particle found in the region surrounding the nucleus |
| atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus |
| mass number | the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in a given nucleus |
| isotopes | atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons |
| isotope abundance | percentage of that isotope that occurs naturally in an element |
| isotope mass | mass of an atom of that isotope |
| atomic mass | mass of an atom measured in "atomic mass units" (amu) |
| average atomic mass | weighted average mass of atoms in a naturally occurring sample of the element |
| Dalton | atom - original atomic theory |
| William Crookes | cathode ray tube - invisible tays flow from cathode to anode |
| J.J. Thomson | electron - cathode ray - plum pudding model - tiny negative particles can be emitted |
| Robert Millikan | oil drop experiment - charge to mass ratio |
| Rutherford | nucleus, proton - gold foil experiment - dense center of positive charge; center composed of positive particles |
| Bohr | Bohr model - energy levels |
| Schrodinger | quantum-mechanical model - location of electron has a probability associated with it |
| Chadwick | neutron - center also has neutral particles |
Created by:
meg.minor.15
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