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Flash Cards-URiNE
ASCP MLT Flash Cards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Accreditation | Recognition granted for non governmental agency to institutions that meet certain standards. Voluntary. |
| Certification | Recognition granted for nongovernmental agency to institutions that meet education requirements & demonstrate entry level competency by passing exam. Voluntary |
| Calibration of refractometers is done by measuring the specific gravity of distilled water and? | sodium chloride |
| The method of choice for performing a specific gravity measurement of urine following administration of x-ray contrast dyes is? | reagent strip |
| Which urinary parameters are measured during the course of concentration and dilution test to assess renal tubular function? | osmolality and specific gravity |
| Refractive index is a comparison of? | light velocity in air to light velocity in solution |
| Chemical Examination? what can give a false negative protein reading? | very dilute urine |
| The Ph of a urine specific measure the? | free hydrogen ions |
| Upon standing at room temperature a urine Ph typically? | increases |
| Urine reagent strips should be stored in a? | cool dry area |
| The principle of the reagent strip for urine protein on? | protein error of indicators |
| The protein section of the urine strip is most sensitive to? | albumin |
| Routine screening of urine samples for glycosuria is performed primarily to detect? | glucose |
| Which reagents is used to react with ketones in the urine? | sodium nitroprusside |
| A test area of urine regent strip is impregnated with only sodium nitroprusside. This section with react with? | acetoacetic acid (diacetic acid) |
| A reagent strip impregnated with stabilized, diazotized 2,4-dichloroaniline will yield a positive reaction with? | bilirubin |
| What factors will not interfere with the reagent strip test for leukocytes? | nitrite |
| Excess urine on the reagent strip can turn a normal Ph result into a falsely acidic pH when which of the following reagents runs into the pH pad? | citrate buffer |
| A 17 yr old girl decided to go on a starvation diet. After 1 week of starving herself, what substance would most likely be found in her urine? | ketones |
| A 2 yr old child has a positive urine ketone. This would most likely be caused by? | vomiting |
| A patients urinalysis revealed a positive bilirubin and a decreased urobilinogen level. These results associated with? | biliary obstruction |
| A urine specimen with an elevated urobilinogen and a negative bilirubin may indicate? | hemolytic jaundice |
| Microscope analysis of a urine specimen yields a moderate amount of red blood cells in spite of a negative result for occult blood using a reagent strip. The tech should determine if this patient has taken? | vitamin C |
| The purpose for routinely screening diabetes mellitus patients for microalbuminemia is to monitor the development of? | renal disease |
| The principle of the reagent strip test for microalbuminuria is? | a dye-binding reaction |
| The reason the albumin; creatinine ratio can be run on a random specimen is? | creatinine corrects for over or under body hydration |
| To prepare a reagent used in confirmatory protein testing, a tech would? | dissolve 3g sulfosalicylic acid in 100 mLs of water |
| A positive result for bilirubin on a reagent strip should be followed up by? | performing an ictotest |
| Ammonium sulfate was added to red urine. The urine has a positive reaction for blood, but no RBCs were seen on microscopic examination. After centrifugation the supernatant fluid is red. The abnormal color is caused by? | myoglobin |
| A urine tested with Clinitest exhibits a pass-through, reaction and is diluted by adding 2 drops of urine to 10 drops water. This is a dilution of? | 1:6 |
| When performing a routine urinalysis, the tech notes a 2 + protein result. He should? | confirm with acid precipitation |
| The confirmatory test for positive protein result by the reagent strip method uses? | sulfosalicylic acid |
| A urine specimen is analyzed for glucose by a glucose oxidase reagent strip and a copper reduction test. If both results are positive, what interpretations would be correct? | glucose is present? |
| A urinalysis is performed on a 2 week old infant with a diarrhea shows a negative reaction with the glucose oxidase reagent strip. A copper reduction tablet should be performed to check the urine sample for the presence of? | galactose |
| When using a sulfosalicylic acid test, false positive protein result may occur in the presence of? | radiographic contrast media |
| What is the primary reagent in the copper reduction tablet? | copper sulfate |
| Microscopic examination: In most compound light microscopes, the ocular lens has a magnification of? | 10x |
| The best way to lower the light intensity of the microscope is to? | lower the Rheostat |
| The advantage of using phase microscopy in urinalysis is to? | enhance constituents with a low refractive index |
| The presence of leukocytes in urine is known as? | pyuria |
| Oval fat bodies are? | renal tubular epithelial cells that contain lipids |
| A microscope examination of urine sediment reveals ghost cells. These red blood cells seen in urine with a? | specific gravity of < 1.007 |
| Glitter cells are a microscopic finding of? | WBCs in hypotonic urine |
| What cell is most commonly associated with vaginal contamination? | squamous |
| A reagent strip for blood has been reported positive. Microscopic examination fails to yield red blood cells. This patient's condition can be called? | Hemoglobinuria |
| Ghost red blood cells are seen in urine that is? | alkaline and dilute |
| The possibility of detecting glitter cells is associated with urine that is? | dilute |
| An eosinophil count may be requested on urine from a patient with suspected? | Acute interstitial nephritis which is caused by: an allergic reaction resulting in inflammation of the renal tubules. The reaction is caused by a medication. As a result of the allergic reaction, eos are increased. An Eo's count can confirm diagnoses. |
| Clue cells are a form of? | squamous epithelial cells |
| What is most likely to be seen in the urine sediment following a cauterization procedure? | urothelial cell |
| What is the most likely diagnosis given microscopic finding? | cystitis |
| All cast typically contain? | Tamm-horsefall protein |
| Hyaline cast are usually found ? | under subdued light |
| What cast is most likely to be found in healthy people? | hyaline |
| What cast is most indicative of end stage renal disease? | Broad cast |
| Broad casts indicate? | extreme stasis of urine flow through the nephron. Stasis allows cast to form in the larger collecting ducts. Damage to the walls of the distal convoluted tubule also cause broader casts to form. |
| What aids in differentiating a spherical transitional cell from a round renal tubular cell? | eccentrically placed nucleus in the renal tubular cell |
| The urine microscopic constituents that best differentiate between cystitis and pyelonephritis are? | WBC Casts |
| Pyelonephritis is an inflammation or infection of the? | renal tubules |
| White blood cell cast would indicated the location of the source of the? | inflammation/infection. |
| Cystitis is an infection? | of the bladder |
| Epithelial cell casts are most indicative of? | tubular necrosis |
| Damage to the renal tubules causes? | sloughing of cell lining the tubules, making these cells the most prominent in the cast formation |
| Granular casts found in the urine of a football player admitted to the hospital with a broken leg occurring during the game can be the result of? | strenuous exercise |
| What cast most frequently appears appear to have a brittle consistency? | waxy casts. |
| Waxy casts are seen with an? | extreme stasis of urine flow, indicating they have remained in the tubules for an extended time. |
| Waxy casts are aging cells that are more? | retractile and often contain notches, and jagged edges as a result of granular disentergration ? |
| Spherical urothelial cells may be confused with? | the presence of cast matrix |
| The eccentric placement of the nucleus in renal tubular cells differentiates them from? | spherical urothelial cells, which have a centrally placed nucleus |
| Prior to reporting a RBC cast it is important to observe? | free floating RBCs/before reporting a RBC cast. it is essential to observe free floating RBCs in the sediment. |
| A coarsely granular cast may sometimes . | resemble a RBC cast |
| Without the presence of free red blood cells, a red cell cast could not? | have been formed in the tubules |
| In a specimen with a large amount of bilirubin, what sediment constituents would be noticeably bile stained? | renal tubular epithelial cell cast |
| RBC Cast, protein and RBCs together are indicative of? | glomerular nephritis |
| RBC cast form when there is bleeding in the? | glomerulus and tubules |
| A white precipitate in the urine specimen with a pH of 7.5 would most likely be caused by? | amorphous phosphates |
| Amorphous phosphates are found in? | alkaline urine |
| Under conditions such as refrigeration, amorphous phosphates produce? | a white precipitate |
| Urates produce ? | a pink precipitate. |
| WBCs and bacteria do? | not produce precipitate |
| What is an abnormal crystal described as a hexagonal plate? | cysteine |
| Cysteine crystals appear | hexagonal plates and frequently in clumps |
| Tyrosine crystals are? | needle shaped |
| leucine crystals are? | round |
| cholesterol crystals? | are flat with notched corners |
| The primary component of most urinary calculus is | calcium |
| Approximately 75% of renal calculus is composed of? | calcium compounds |
| What calcium compounds are renal calculus composed of? | oxalate, phosphate and others |
| Magnesium ammonium phosphate makes up to? | about 15% of the calculi |
| After warming a cloudy urine clears, this is due to the presence of? | urates |
| Amorphous phosphates are dissolved by the addition of acid, which will? | destroy other sediment constituents |
| Tiny colorless, dumbbell shaped crystals were found in an alkaline urine sediment. They most likely are? | calcium carbonate. |
| Calcium carbonate crystals are ? | small dumbbell shaped or round crystals often seen in clumps. |
| what crystals may be found in acidic urine? | Calcium oxalate |
| Calcium oxalate crystals are found in? | acidic and natural urine, but not in alkaline urine. |
| Using polarized light microscopy, which of the following urinary elements are birefringent? | Cholesterol |
| Cholesterol is the only one of the lipids that are capable of? | polarizing light? |
| Which of the crystals is seen in amber urine with a positive bilirubin? | tyrosine |
| tyrosine crystals are fine needles that are seen in? | clumps |
| Spherical with concentric striations are which crystals? | leucine |
| which crystals are flat plates with notched corners? | Cholesterol crystals |
| what kind of granules are dark, and often clumped? | Hemosiderin |
| Following ingestion of ethylene glycol (antifreeze) numerous crystals are found in the urine. The shape of these crystals is? | oval or dumbbell |
| Calcium oxide monohydate crystals are most frequently seen following? | ingestion of ethylene glycol/antifreeze. |
| Cholesterol crystals will most likely be observed in urine that contains? | 4+ protein |
| Increased lipids in the urine is a characteristic of what? | nephroyic syndrome. |
| Massive amount of protein are also associated with? | nephrotic syndrome |
| The finding of a large amount of uric acid crystals in a urine specimen from a 6 month old boy could indicate what? | Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. |
| Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is? | an inherited disorder of purine metabolism. |
| The first indication of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome disorder may be ? | the presence of uric acid indicating the incomplete metabolism of dietary purines. |
| Coffin lid shaped crystals in urine is called what? | triple phosphate |
| Triple phosphate crystals are? | non pathogenic |
| Polarized light can often be used to differentiate between? | fibers and mucus clumps, contaminants frequently contain substances capable of polarizing light |
| Starch granules are? | very retractile and produce a Maltese cross under polarized light. |
| A tech is having trouble differentiating between RBCs, oil droplets and yeast cells on urine microscopy. Acetic acid should be added to the sediment to? | lyse rbc's |
| A urine specimen is tested & has the following results: glucose 3+ >100 WBCs/hpf Protein 1+ many yeast cells this is indicative of? | diabetes mellitis |
| When identifying urinary crystals, which reagent strip result is most important? | pH |
| Urine crystals formation is associated with? | the optional pH needed for their formation (acid, alkaline or neutral) |
| Bacteria are considered significant in the urine sediment when the? | leukocytes are positive |
| Based on the time between urine collection & analysis of a urine specimen and the method of preservation: | bacteria can be a heavy contaminate of urine |
| A positive Leukocyte esterase test indicating the actual presence of? | WBCs confirms the actual presence of infection |
| What exhibits rapid motility in urine sediment? | Trichomonas vaginalis |
| if the Trichomonas vaginalis is not moving it may resemble? | WBC |
| When looking for Trichomonas vaginalis what should the tech be looking for to differentiate between trich or WBC? | flagellum |
| Urine is toxic to? | spermatozoa |
| Many bacteria produce what in urine? | nitrites |
| Bacteria in urine reduce? | nitrites to nitrate. |
| If the biochemical strip is positive for nitrite, you should find? | bacteria in sediment |
| A 21 year old woman had glucose in her urine with a normal blood sugar. These findings are most consistent with? | renal glucose uria |
| Glucose in the urine of a person with a normal blood glucose is indicative of? | renal tubule damage or the inherited disorder, renal glucoseuria, in which transport receptors are absent in the proximal convoluted tubule |
| Which positive chemical reaction is most closely associated with the presence of yeast in urine sediment? | glucose |
| Urine protein is falsely negative because? | the method is not sensitive of Bence Jones protein |
| Reagent strip test for proteinuria are primarily sensitive to? | albumin |
| The monoclonal spike in the gamma region indicates? | the presence of Bence Jones protein |
| Bence Jones Protein is a? | immunoglobulin rather than albumin |
| the following results were obtained on a first morning specimen: SG: 1.024 protein: negative glucose: negative Microscopic findings: uric acid crystals The next step is to? | repeat the pH and microscopic findings |
| Uric acid crystals are seen in? | acid urine |
| Uric acid crystals may be mistaken for? | an aritifact |
| The reagent strip glucose test uses? | glucose oxidase which is specific for glucose, if positive glucose must be present in the sample. |
| The copper reduction test is positive with? | many sugars, including glucose |
| Pyelonephritis is? | an infection involving the renal tubules. |
| What will aid in the diagnosis of pyelonephritis? | WBC cast and bacteria |
| Cystitis is? | an infection with the bladder and does not affect the tubules. |
| RBC casts are the prominent finding with? | glomerularnephritus |
| WBCs, RBCs and protein are a result of? | glomular damage |
| A 62 yr old patient with hypelipoprotenemia has a large amount of protein in his urine. Microscopic analysis yields moderate to man fatty, granular and cellular casts, many oval fat bodies are also noted. This is most consistent with? | nephrotic syndrome |
| Damage to the electrical charges of glomerular membrane allowing the passage of high molecular weight proteins and lipids occurs in ? | nephrotic syndrome |
| Nephrotic syndrome results in? | markedly increased urine protein levels & the appearance of fatty casts and oval fat bodies |
| A 4 yr old girl develops edema after a recent immunization. Lab studies reveal? serum albumin: 1.8 g/dL serum cholesterol: 450 mg/dL serum urine nitrogen: 20 mg/dL granular and fatty cast these findings are most compatible with? | minimal change disease |
| Minimal change disease is seen primarily in? | children, often following allergic reactions or immunizations |
| in Minimal change disease classic laboratory results included markedly ? | elevated urine protein fatty cast elevated serum lipids decreased serum albumin normal BUN |
| A specimen with a negative nitrate reaction and positive leukocytes reaction that has WBCs, WBC casts, and not bacteria in the sediment will be seen in the cases of? | acute interstitial nephritis |
| Acute interstitial nephritis is caused by? | an allergic reaction resulting in inflammation, not infection of the renal tubules. Bacteria are not present in inflammation |
| A major cause of glomerular disorders is? | the deposition of immune complexes on the glomerular membrane producing damage to the membranes |
| The presence of RBC casts would be present in? | chronic pyelonephritis and renal tubular epithelial cells are present in tubular necrosis |
| The sediment of a urine specimen with a reagent strip glucose of 250 mg/dL and a Ph of 5.5 is ideal for the presence of? |
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