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Patho Ch 13
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| apnea | lack of breathing |
| bifurcation | the division of a tube or vessel into two channels or branches |
| bronchodilation | relaxation of smooth muscle in the bronchioles, widening the airway |
| caseation | a form of necrosis in which tissue is changed into a dry, amorphous mass resembling cheese |
| clubbing | A condition in which the ends of the fingers and toes are enlarged and the nails are shiny and abnormally curved |
| cohesion | tendency to stick together or be attracted |
| empyema | The presence of pus in a body cavity, especially the pleural cavity |
| eupnea | normal, regular, quiet breathing |
| expectorant | Promoting or facilitating the secretion or expulsion of phlegm, mucus, or other matter from the respiratory tract |
| hemoptysis | frothy sputum containing streaks of blood, usually bright red; spitting up blood |
| hypercapnia | An abnormally high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood, usually caused by acute respiratory failure from conditions such as asthma and obstructive pulmonary disease |
| hypoxemia | insufficient oxygen in the arterial blood |
| paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea | awakening in severe respiratory distress, usually associated with pulmonary edema |
| proteases | an enzyme that breaks down protein into amino acids |
| pulsus paradoxus | abnormal decrease in systolic blood pressure during inspiration |
| rales | a bubbling or crackling sound in the lungs caused by air mixing with fluid in the airways |
| rhonchi | a harsh noise in the lungs resulting from air passing through partial obstruction by thick mucous or exudates |
| sputum | Matter coughed up and usually ejected from the mouth, including saliva, foreign material, and substances such as mucus or phlegm, from the respiratory tract |
| steatorrhea | fatty, bulky stool resulting from malabsorption |
| stridor | an abnormal, high pitched crowing sound, caused by obstruction in the trachea or the larnyx |
| surface tension | A property of liquids arising from unbalanced molecular cohesive forces at or near the surface, as a result of which the surface tends to contract and has properties resembling those of a stretched elastic membrane |
| wheezing | a high pitched whistling sound typical of obstruction of the bronchioles and small bronchi |
| compliance | the ability of the lungs to expand or recoil |
| hering-breuer reflex | reflex that prevents excessive lung expansion |
| orthopnea | difficult or labored breathing when in the recumbent position |
| residual volume | volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration |
| vital capacity | maximum amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs |
| Larygiotracheal bronchitis (croup) | Upper respiratory infection creating inflammation of the larynx and subglotic area |
| Epiglottitis | Upper respiratory infection of the larynx, subglottic area and epiglottis that can obstruct the airway |
| Scarlet fever | Upper respiratory infection caused by a group a Beta hemolitic strep |
| Pneumonia | Infection of the lung tissue |
| Respiratory syncitial virus (bronchiolitis) | Viral infection causing necrosis and inflammation of the small bronchi and bronchioles |
| Sudden acute respiratory syndrome | An acute respiratory infection by an RNA virus |
| Tuberculosis | A bacterial infection, mostly affecting the lungs, that can cause granulomas and Caseous necrosis |
| Anthrax | Bacterial infection that can affect the skin, respiratory tract or gi track |
| Cystic fibrosis | Genetic disorder affecting chloride transport in the cells causing abnormally thick secretions |
| Lung cancer | Most common type of cancer arising from the bronchial epithelium |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | Loud snoring and intermittent gasps for air resulting from pharyngial collapse during sleep |
| Emphysema | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by destruction of the alviolar walls and septae |
| Chronic bronchitis | Irreversible and progressive chronic obstructive pulmonary disease affecting larger airways of the Bronchus and increased mucus production |
| Bronchiectasis | Irreversible abnormal dilation of the medium sized bronchi secondary to a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| Pulmonary edema | Fluid collecting in the avioli and interstitial tissues of the lungs |
| Infant respiratory distress syndrome | Collapse of the alveoli in premature infants due to lack of surfactant in the lungs |
| Adult respiratory distress syndrome | Acute injury to the lung tissue resulting in acute inflammation, increased capillary permeability and atelectasis |
| Pulmonary Embolism | Blood clot or other mass that blocks blood flow to lung tissue |
| Pneumothorax | Air in the pleural cavity |
| epiglottitis | caused by a bacterial infection affecting the larynx and epiglottal areas |
| laryngeotracheal bronchitis (croup) | caused by a viral infection of the upper airways and larynx |
| scarlet fever | upper respiratory infection caused by group A beta hemolytic strep |
| pneumonia | caused by bacterial, viral or fungal infection of lung tissues |
| bronchiolitis | caused by a viral infection of the bronchioles |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome | caused by an acute viral respiratory infection |
| tuberculosis | caused by a highly resistant bacterial infection |
| anthrax | caused by a gram positive bacillus |
| cyctic fibrosis | caused by a genetic disorder affecting exocrine glands that produce mucous |
| lung cancer | often caused by cigarette smoking, second hand smoke or industrial exposure |
| obstructive sleep apnea | increased incidence with age and obesity |
| emphysema | caused by smoking, genetics or air polutants |
| chronic bronchitis | caused by cigarette smoking or inhaled irritants |
| bronchiectasis | caused by recurrent inflammation and infections in the airways |
| pulmonary edema | caused by left sided heart failure, hypoproteinemia or blocked lymph drainage in the lungs |
| infant respiratory distress syndrome | usually results from premature birth |
| adult respiratory distress syndrome | caused by severe prolonged shock, inhaled toxins, smoke inhalation, fat emboli, aspiriation or lung trauma |
| pulmonary embolus | caused by thrombi or blood clots from DVT or fat emboli from a broken bone |
| pneumothorax | can be caused by a spontaneous rupture of an emphysema bleb or from trauma causing air inside the chest cavity |
| Laryngeotracheal bronchitis | Symptoms include a hoarse barking cough, inspiratory strider and restlessness |
| Epiglotitis | Symptoms include drooling, disphagia, increased fever, rapid respirations and a tripod position |
| Scarlet fever | Symptoms include fever, sore throat, chills, vomiting, abdominal pain, a strawberry tongue and fine rash on the chest neck groin and thighs |
| Pneumonia | Symptoms include fever, chills and usually a productive cough |
| Bronchiolitis | Symptoms include increased dyspnea, paroxysmal cough, wheezing, chest retractions and flared nostrils |
| Severe acute respiratory Syndrome | Symptoms include fever, headache, myalgia, chills, anorexia, diarrhea, spreading interstitial congestion, hypoxia and will become fatal respiratory distress |
| Tuberculosis | Symptoms include anorexia, fatigue, weight loss, low grade fever, night sweats, prolonged productive cough with purulent sputum often with blood |
| Anthrax | Symptoms of inhaled form include fever, chills, chest discomfort, shortness of breath, confusion, nausea, vomiting, extreme tiredness and body aches |
| Cystic fibrosis | Symptoms include possible meconium ileus at birth, salty skin, steatorrhea, distended abdomen frequent respiratory infections, and failure to meet growth milestones |
| Lung cancer | Symptoms include persistent productive cough, dyspnea, wheezing, hemoptysis, systemic signs of cancer and paraneoplastic syndrome |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | Symptoms include loud snoring with intermittent gasps for air, hypoxia and fatigue |
| Emphysema | Symptoms include increasing dyspnea, hyperventilation with prolonged expiration, and anorexia, fatigue and clubbed fingers |
| Chronic bronchitis | Symptoms include constant productive cough, tachypnea, shortness of breath, often with purulent secretions, rhonchi, hypoxia, cyanosis, hypercapnia weight loss or cor pulmonal |
| Bronchiectasis | Symptoms include a chronic productive cough with copious amounts of purulent sputum |
| Pulmonary edema | Symptoms include cough, orthopnea, rales, hemoptysis, sputum is frothy and often tinged with blood, hypoxemia and cyanosis |
| Infant respiratory distress syndrome | Symptoms include increased respiratory rate, nasal flaring, substernal and intercostal retractions, frothy sputum and an expiration grunt |
| Adult respiratory distress syndrome | Symptoms include dyspnea, restlessness, rapid shallow respiration, increased heart rate, cyanosis, and lethargy |
| Pulmonary embolus | Symptoms include chest pain, tachypnea, hemoptysis, fever, rapid week pulse confusion and loss of consciousness |
| Pneumothorax | Symptoms include Increased labored respirations, with Dyspnea tachyardia, plural pain and asymmetrical chest movements or mediastinal shift |
Created by:
boringjen