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Patho Ch 7
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| antibiotic | a substance derived from microorganisms that is used to treat infection |
| antimicrobial | an agent that kills or limits the growth and reproduction of microorganisms |
| antiviral | an agent that limits the growth and reproduction of viruses |
| autoantibodies | antibodies to self antigens such as cells or DNA |
| bronchoconstriction | a contraction of the smooth muscles in the bronchioles, narrowing the airway |
| colostrum | the thin, yellow, milky fluid secreted by the mammary gland a few days before or after childbirth |
| complement | a series of inactive proteins circulating in the blood; when activated, they can destroy bacteria or antigens or participate in the inflammatory response |
| cytotoxic | a substance that damages or destroys cells |
| encephalopathy | impaired function of the brain |
| erythema | redness and inflammation of the skin or mucosa due to vasodilation |
| fetus | the human child in utero between weeks 8 and birth |
| glycoprotein | a combination of protein and carbohydrate |
| hypogammaglobinemia | abnormally low levels of all classes of immunoglobulin |
| hypoproteinemia | abnormally low levels of plasma proteins in the blood |
| mast cells | located in the tissues, they release chemicals like histamine, heparin and bradykinin in response to injury or foreign materials |
| monocytes | the largest of the white blood cells. They develop into macrophages and both consume foreign material and alert T cells to its presence. |
| mononuclear phagocytic system | The constellation of cells and nonspecific immune responses by spleen-based monocyte and macrophage cells and progeny |
| mutate | change in the genetic makeup of a cell |
| opportunistic | a microorganism, usually non pathogenic, that causes infectious disease when the host resistance is reduced, microbial balance is upset or the microbe is transferred to another part of the body |
| placenta | an organ characteristic of true mammals during pregnancy, joining mother and offspring, providing endocrine secretion and selective exchange of soluble bloodborne substances through apposition of uterine and trophoblastic vascularized parts |
| polymerase chain reaction | polymerase chain reaction a rapid technique for in vitro amplification of specific DNA or RNA sequences, allowing small quantities of short sequences to be analyzed without cloning |
| prophylactic | a measure or drug to prevent disease |
| pruritic | itchy |
| replication | the process of duplicating or reproducing, as replication of an exact copy of a polynucleotide strand of DNA or RNA |
| retrovirus | a virus containing RNA and the enzyme reverse transcriptase, required to convert RNA to DNA that is integrated with the host cell DNA |
| splenectomy | removal of the spleen |
| stem cells | a basic cell that may divide to give rise to a variety of specialized cells |
| thymus | a ductless gland that entraps immature stem cells arising from the bone marrow and circulating in the blood, causing them to become sensitized and therefore capable of maturing into a specific differentiated type of lymphocyte |
| titer | the quantity of a substance required to react with or to correspond to a given amount of another substance |
| vesicles | a small, thin-walled sac containing fluid |
| acquired immunodeficiency syndrome | chronic infectious disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
| allergen | an antigen that can initiate an allergic reaction |
| anaphylaxis | life threatening systemic allergic or hypersensitivity reaction with respiratory obstruction and decreased blood pressure |
| antibiotics | substance used to treat bacterial infections |
| antigen | foreign substance, microbes or a component of a cell that stimulates an immune response |
| antibody | specific protein produced in humoral response to bind with an antigen |
| neutrophils | white blood cells for phagocytosis; non specific defense, active in inflammatory processes |
| basophils | white blood cells bind IgE, release histamine in anaphylaxis |
| eosinophils | white blood cells; participate in allergic responses and defense against parasites |
| B lymphocytes | Humoral immunity; activated cell becomes an antibody producing plasma cell |
| T lymphocytes | White blood cells; active in cell mediated immunity |
| Helper T cells (CD4) | activate B and T cells. control or limit specific immune response |
| Cytotoxic (CD8) killer cells | destroy antigens on cancer cells or virus infected body cells |
| IgG | most common circulating antibody in the blood. crosses the placenta and gives passive immunity to baby |
| IgM | antibody bound to B lymphocytes. First to increase in an immunie response; Involved in blood incompatibility reactions |
| IgA | antibody secreted into tears, colostrum and saliva. Breastmilk colostrum gives passive immunity to newborn |
| IgE | antibody that binds to mast cells in skin and mucous membranes in allergic responses |
| IgD | attached to B cells; activates B cells |
| allograft | tissue transplant from same species |
| isograft | tissue transplant from genetically identical twin |
| autograft | tissue transplant from same person |
| xenograft | tissue transplant from a different species |
| Type I Allergic hypersensitivity | Immediate; triggered by IgE, causes inflammation, pruritis, possible hives or anaphylaxis |
| Type II cytotoxic hypersensitivity | IgG reacts to antigens on cells such as on blood cell transfusions |
| Type III Immune complex hypersensitivity | antigens and antibodies combine and deposit inside of tissues causing inflammation and tissue destruction Ex: lupus |
| Type IV cell mediated or delayed hypersensitivity | delayed response by sensitized T cells that may take days to develop. T cells react to antigens or chemicals they have been exposed to before. Ex: TB test or contact dermatitis |
| components of the immune system | lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, intestinal lymphoid tissue, lymphatic circulation, lymphocytes, macrophages, bone marrow, thymus gland |
| natural active | may be acquired by direct exposure to an antigen |
| artificial active | develops when a specific antigen is purposefully introduced into the body, stimulating the production of antibodies |
| natural passive | when antibodies are transferred from mother to fetus across the placenta or through breast milk |
| artificial passive | injection of antibodies from a person or animal into a second person |
| Type I hypersensitivity | hypersensitivity to antigen, also called an antigen |
| anaphylaxis | severe, life threatening hypersensitivity reaction resulting in low blood pressure, airway obstruction and severe hypoxia |
| Type II cytotoxic reaction | circulating IgG antibodies react with an antigen on a cell membrane |
| Type III Immune complex | a type of reaction when an antigen combines with an antibody forming a complex |
| Type IV cell mediated | hypersensitivity caused by a delayed response by sensitized T lymphocytes causing an inflammatory response |
| autoimmune | disorder that occurs when the immune system cannot distinguish between self and non self antigens |
| systemic lupus | chronic inflammatory disease that is at least partially autoimmune affecting a number of body systems |
| immunodeficiency | compromised or lack of immune response |
| AIDS | chronic infectious disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus that destroys helper T cells |
| Type I sensitivity | caused by (think A for) allergies |
| Type II sensitivity | caused by (think B) for blood antigen reactions |
| Type III sensitivity | caused by (think C) for complexes. anitigen antibody complexes depositing in the tissues |
| Type IV sensitivity | caused by (think D) for Delayed reaction by sensitized T cells |
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosis | possible multifactoral, with genetic, hormonal or environmental triggers |
| AIDS | Human Immunodeficiency viruses causes destruction of helper T cells |
| type I hypersensitivity | symptoms include immediate inflammation and itching |
| anaphylaxis | symptoms include hives, difficulty in breathing, pruriitis, rapid weak pulse, decreased blood pressure, anxiety, weakness and loss of consciousness |
| type II hypersensitivity | symptoms include cell lysis and phagocytosis |
| type III hypersensitivity | symptoms include inflammation and vasculitis |
| type IV hypersensitivity | symptoms include delayed inflammation |
| lupus erythematosis | symptoms vary with each individual |
| immunodeficiency | symptoms include the development of opportunistic infections by normally harmless organisms |
| AIDS | symptoms include generalized flu-like symptoms in the first phase. In the acute phase, there are serious complications related to immune deficiencies |
Created by:
boringjen