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Phonological Awareness
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Praxis

Language Arts

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Phonological Awareness The ability to hear, detect, manipulate and analyze the auditory aspects (sounds) of spoken language. This includes words, syllables, and phonemes. This is an umbrella term. (Example- the word willow has two syllables and rhymes with pillow.) (words)
The Alphabetic Principle Knowing that letters are used in print to represent speech sounds.
Phonemes Spoken sounds. (example, the letter "c" is used for more than one phoneme)
Vowels and Consonants Consonant blends- two letters. Consonant clusters- three or more. Consonant diagraphs- two letters that represent one sound (example- th, ch, wh) Vowel diagraphs- When two vowels go walking. Dipthongs- Two vowels produce glided sound (ex- oy, ow)
Onsets and Rimes Onset- the part of the syllable that comes before the vowel. Rime- the rest of the syllable.
Pronunciation The way a word is pronounced.
Phonemic Awareness The ability to focus on and manipulate phonemes (roughly equivalent to individual sounds) in spoken words. (Example- the word rope has three phonemes: r/o/p/ (Individual letters) (Hearing sounds)
Blending, Segmenting, Substituting and Deleting Blending the sounds of letters into words.
Phonics A method of teaching people to read by correlating sounds with letters or groups of letters. Then this can be used to decode.
Syllabication The division of words into syllables.
Syllabic Analysis Of, pertaining to, or consisting of a syllable or syllables. Based on or pertaining to a specific number of syllables, as opposed to vowel length or number of stresses.
Compound Words A combination of two or more words that function as a single unit of meaning. (Example- flowerpot)
Letter-Sound Correspondence Systematic relationships between letters and phonemes.
Decoding "Sound it out." Figuring out the pronunciation of an unfamiliar word. First you identify the letters, make their wounds and then you blend.
The Biological Model It is argued that humans are biologically programmed to gain knowledge and that language learning is influenced by the desire of children to communicate with others.
The Social/Functional Model All texts (written, oral, visual) create meaning and have social purpose. It considers the nature of language and how it functions to achieve the writers' intended purpose and communicating that.
Stages in Language Development 1. Baby talk 2. First 12 months- Crying 3. Age 1-2- Leaps and bounds- mimic parents 4. Age 2-3- Saying no- Oral language 5. Age 3-4- The why years- Start using complex sentences. 6. Age 4-6- Growth and Refinement- acquired most of adult lang.
Identifying Exceptional Development A committee will decide if your child should be identified as having an exceptionality, meaning that he has special needs. The committee will also decide what special placement, if any, can be offered to your child.
Concept of Print Concept of letter, word, sentence. Directionality (left to right). Punctuation, upper case and lower case letters, terms such as front and back of book, title, pages, etc.
Stages of Acquisition 1. Preproduction- Nods yes and no 2. Early production- One or two word responses 3. Speech emergence- Simple sentences 4. Intermediate Fluency- Makes few grammatical errors. 5. Advanced Fluency- Near native level of speech.
Historically-Related Languages Not sure...
Common Phonics and Word-Recognition Approaches for ELLS Focus on key reading components such as phonemic awarenes ,decoding, oral reading fluency, reading comprehension, vocabulary and writing. PHONIC INSTRUCTION is critical. Find out what language knowledge students bring with them and build on that.
Two Major Approaches Synthetic approach- separate grapheme-phoneme correspondences (C = k, D =d) and blending. Analytic approach- Instruction from whole words to parts (e.g., CAT, DOG). The words are separated into smallest units to show grapheme-phoneme correspondence.
Stages of Development Building a Foundation (Pictures), Early Emergent Literacy (Stories) Emergent Literacy (meaning), Developing Literacy (sight words), Early independent Literacy (Own ideas), Independent Reading (Self correct), Expanding Literacy (knowledge)
Distinguishing High- Frequency Sight Words from Decodable Words High frequency- Words that students commit to "looks." Words they just know by looking at them. You can do this by committing to memory and giving repetitous exposures to such words. An example is students cannot successfully blend the word "the."
Factors Affecting Word Meanings Meaning is the the message to the receiver. Factors include- facial expressions, body language, tone, sentences, punctuation. "Its cold in here" could be a simple fact, or a request to turn up the heat. (Semantics)
Fluency The quality or condition of expressing oneself easily and articulately.
Reading in the Home 80% of student learning happens outside of school. Children who are read to in the home have a much stronger language base, oral language, and are more likely to succeed. Reading to children should be interactive (stop and ask questions, etc.)
Theme and Thesis Theme- The subject of a talk, a piece of writing, a person's thoughts, or a topic. Thesis- A statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved.
Avoiding the "Topic Sentence Trap" Avoid choices that are too broad or specific.
Inferences A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning.
Summarizing Giving a brief statement of the main points of (something).
Conclusions The end or finish of an event/process or a judgment /decision reached by reasoning.
Plot The main events of a play, novel, movie, or similar work, devised and presented by the writer as an interrelated sequence. (The storyline)
Setting The place or type of surroundings where something is positioned or where an event takes place.
Conflict A conflict in literature is any struggle between opposing forces. Usually, the main character struggles against some other force. This type of conflict is what drives each and every story.
Character A person in a novel, play, or movie.
Genres and Traditions Genre- A category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter. Traditions- Continuing customs/beliefs from generation to generation, the fact of being passed on in this way.
Puppetry and Story Theater Puppetry- A form of theatre/performance that involves the manipulation of puppets manipulated by humans. Story Theater- The dramatic presentation of one or more stories told by a group of actors who play multiple roles and provide narration.
Tone and Mood Tone- Attitude of a writer toward subject or audience. Generally conveyed through word choice or the viewpoint of a writer on a particular subject. Mood- An element that evokes certain feelings or vibes in readers through words/descriptions.
Irony and Paradox Irony- words used that intended meaning is different from actual meaning. A situation may end up in a different way than anticipated. Paradox- A statement that contradicts itself and still seems true. (No one goes to restraunt because too crowded.)
Foreshadowing and Other Devices Foreshadowing- A hint of what is to come later in story. Often at beginning of story/chapter and helps reader develop expectations about the coming events. Literacy devices- Readers greater understanding/appreciation (ex- allegory, metephor, hyperbolle)
Analogies A comparison between two things, typically on the basis of their structure and for the purpose of explanation or clarification.
Metaphores and Similes Metaphor- Word/phrase applied to an object/action to which it is not literal (I fell through the trap door of depression.) Simile- Comparison of one thing with another of a different kind, to make description more vivid (brave as a lion, crazy like fox)
Theme Themes can be divided into two categories: a work's thematic concept is what readers "think the work is about" and its thematic statement being "what the work says about the subject".
Rhyme A repetition of similar sounding words occurring at the end of lines in poems or songs. A rhyme is a tool utilizing repeating patterns that brings rhythm or musicality.
Meter A unit of rhythm in poetry, the pattern of the beats. It is also called a foot. Each foot has a certain number of syllables in it, usually two or three syllables. The difference in types of meter is which syllables are accented and which are not.
Alliteration Two or more words in a phrase/line of poetry share the same beginning sound. The words can be adjacent or can be separated by one or more words. (She sells sea-shells down by the sea-shore” or “Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers")
Authors Point of View Mode of narration that an author employs to let the readers “hear” and “see” what takes place in a story, poem, essay etc.
Purpose and Intended Auidience Purpose- The reason for which something is done or created or for which something exists. Intended Auidience- the group of people for which a service or product is designed. (The population of people targetted by a new movie.)
Literal vs Critical Literal- What author is actually saying. Understanding ideas and info explicitly in material. Catergorizing, summarizing, etc. Critical- Why the author says what they say. Reader uses criteria from own experienceto evaluate author. (Could this happen?)
The Role of Metacognition Monitoring ones own comprehension and taking corrective action. Confirm you understanding, make connections, find evidence, think aloud/retell, justify your conclusion, test my assumptions.
Text Complexity Qualitative dimensions are levels of meaning, structure, language conventionality and clarity, and knowledge demands.
Passage Organization Refers to text structure. The structure can change within the whole peice of work or within even paragraphs. It is how the infois organized. A text might present a main idea and details; a cause and then its effects; and/or different views of a topic
Using Text Features to Locate Info in a Print or Digital Info Text Graphs, underlining, timeline, italics, tables
Comparing Multiple Accounts of the Same Event or Topic to Identify Similarities or Differences in POV Such as different Cinderellas.
Comparing the Written Version of a Literacy Text with Oral, Staged or Filmed Version What are the differences? Mood, tone, plot, characters.
Comparing Multiple Literary, Informational or Persuasive Texts Literary- Written material, such as a book/poem has the purpose of telling story/entertain (fiction) Informational- Inform the reader about the natural or social world. No characters. Persuasive- Persuading to perform an action or argument.
Writing Genres Suspense. Crime. Detective. Gong'an. Thriller. Mystery, Legal ,Medical thriller. Tragedy. Melodrama. Urban. Westerns. Women's fiction. Class S. Femslash. Matron literature. Workplace tell. General cross-genre. Historical romance. Juvenile fantasy.
Conventions of Common Writing Forms Expository- News reports, letters, essays Persuasive- speeches, monolouge, newspaper editorials Imaginative- Short stoires, interviews, poetry
Overview of Evaluating Writing Rubrics and good feedback.
Features of argumentative writing 5 paragraph essay. Should be persuasive. The write decides to oppose or propose for a given issue by presenting their argument in terms of pros and cons. It portrays both the opinions of the writer as well as opposing the opinions of the other side.
Features of informative/expository writing Topic sentence. Only facts (no opinions). Events in the order they occurred. Often includes quotes. Answers who what where when and why.
Features of narrative writing Purpose is to entertain. It is a story. Characters with defined personalities/identities. Dialogue often included – tense may change to the present or the future. Descriptive language to create images in the reader’s mind and enhance the story.
Traits of effective writing Ideas and Content. Organization. Voice. Word Choice. Sentence Fluency. Conventions- punctuation, spelling and grammer.
Stages of composition 3.1 Planning and Prewriting 3.2 Collaborating 3.3 Researching 3.4 Drafting 3.5 Editing 3.6 Reviewing 3.7 Revising 3.8 Publishing
Prewriting It can consist of a combination of outlining, diagramming, storyboarding, clustering.
Writing The activity or skill of marking coherent words on paper and composing text. Written work, especially with regard to its style or quality.
Revising and Editing Revising- Reconsider and alter. Whole paper level. Usually means to make big changes. Editing- Correcting, condensing, or otherwise modifying it. This happens on a sentence level. Usually means to enhance rather than change.
Proofreading After revising and editing where grammatical and technical errors are addressed.
Choosing the right rewrite Choosing the correct/right words.
Stages of Writing Development Prephonimic- scribbles, drawings, mock letters Early phonemic- labels on pics, copying print, invented spelling Letter name- Begin and end letters used to make words (ct=cat) Transitional- Letter occurrance Conventional- Correct writing
The grade appropriate continuum of student writing Pre- Begin to use writing utinsils, scribble, copy, read own work Kind- Begin to write and tell, sentence patterns. 1st- Upper and lowercase, self monitor, new vocab, complete thoughts. 2nd- Formal lang, plan and make, edit
Digital tools for producing and publishing writing Demonstrate knowledge through the use of technology. Google docs, wikispace, etc.
Using digital tools in the research process Email, video conferencing, etc.
Steps in the research process Step 1: Identify and develop your topic. Step 2 : Do a preliminary search for information. Step 3: Locate materials. Step 4: Evaluate your sources. Step 5: Make notes. Step 6: Write your paper.
Using research info and citing sources Plagerism, must cite.
Tips for choosing the right citation What do individuals in your department tend to use? Talk to your subject librarian; s/he can recommend a tool based on your needs. Be sure to stick with chosen tool. Saving info in two different tools can make it difficult to keep track of citations.
Syntax The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
Parts of Speech A category to which a word is assigned in accordance with its syntactic functions. In English the main parts of speech are noun, pronoun, adjective, determiner, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.
Phrases A small group of words standing together as a conceptual unit, typically forming a component of a clause.
Indentifying types of phrases Absolute Phrase- Modify Appositive Phrase- Insert Gerund Phrase. Infinitive Phrase. ... Noun Phrase. Participial Phrase. Prepositional Phrase.
Clauses A unit of grammatical organization next below the sentence in rank and in traditional grammar said to consist of a subject and predicate.
Indentifying types of clauses Main- Form complete sentence alone, having subject/predicate. Subordinate- Introduced by conjunction, forms part of and depends on a main clause Adjective- Subject/verb that provide description. Noun- Subject/verb but cant stand alone as sentence
Sentences A set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing a subject and predicate, conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command, and consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses.
Indentify types of sentences based on syntax Simple- Contains a single, independent clause. Compound- Contains two independent clauses that are joined by a coordinating conjunction. Complex- Contains an independent clause plus one or more dependent clauses. Compound-Complex- Contains 3+ clauses.
Analyzing sentence structure and funtcion We take it apart to determine what function each unit in the sentence has. This is parsing a sentence. If you can identify the subject of a sentence, you have analyzed the sentence and identified the role of one important item in it.
Semantics The branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning. Formal semantics- logical aspects of meaning (sense, reference, implication, and logical) lexical semantics- word meaning/word relations Conceptual semantics- cognitive structure of meaning.
Expressions and common figures of speech Figure of speech- rhetorical device that achieves a special effect by using words in distinctive ways. Personification, pun, simile, irony
Pragmatics The branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used, including such matters as deixis, taking turns in conversation, text organization, presupposition, and implicature.
Three Tiers of Vocab 1. Basic- 8000 word families, simple words- girl, run, boy 2. High Freq/multiple meaning- Mature lang situations 3. Low Freq/Context Specific- Learn when need arises-ex amino acid
How varaties of English used in stories, dramas or poems support the overall meaning Example- you have a specific sentence and it could mean more than one thing. You then give more words and sentences that give the audience the idea of what you meant.
Recognizing common usage errors -Sentence Fragment – Sentence is incomplete. -Fused Sentence – Two sentences together with no punctuation. -Lack of Subject-Verb Agreement -Wrong Pronoun Case – He told we children to go to bed. -Wrong Plural Form- I bought two new hunting knifes
Homonyms Homograph- Two or more words having the same spelling but different meanings and origins (e.g., pole and pole) Homophone- Two words having the same pronunciation but different meanings, origins, or spelling (e.g., to, too, and two)
Basics of Capitalization Always capitalize the first word in a sentence, the letter I, proper nouns, months, days, holidays, persons title, historical periods, titles of books or movies, nationalities, religions
Basics of punctuation Comma, full stop . exclamation mark ! question mark ? semi-colon ; colon : apostrophe ' quotation marks “ ” hyphen - brackets ( ) or [ ] slash /
Public Communication When individuals and groups engage in dialogue in the public sphere in order to deliver a message to a specific audience. (Billboards, public speech, newspaper)
Small group communication Communication in small groups is interpersonal communication within groups of between 3 and 20 individuals.
Dyadic communication Dyadic communication occurs when two people are conversing directly to one another.
Types of Speech Inform- tell Instruct/demonstrative- how to Entertain- story Persuade- convince
Diction The choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing. the style of enunciation in speaking.
Enunciation Say or pronounce clearly.
Volume How loud or quiet.
Rate The speed at which you speak.
Body Language The process of communicating nonverbally through conscious or unconscious gestures and movements.
Audience interaction Choose your technique Plan ahead Use inclusive framing Allow time for response Acknowledge contributions
Four basic listening skills Transitions between ideas Nonverbal cues Note taking Analyzing the speech of others
How and why we listen Receiving, interpreting, recalling, evaluating, and responding to verbal and nonverbal messages. You build trust, credibility, support, you gain info and exchange.
Key aspects of viewing skills Enhances listening and reading skills. Increased information.
Techniques for evaluating media Provide communicators with specialized tools. Evaluate core message, tone, bias,
Created by: kileeburton
 

 



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