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Patho Ch 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Afferent fibers | fibers that convey impulses to a ganglion or to a nerve center in the brain or spinal cord |
| analgesic | a substance that relieves pain |
| bradykinin | a chemical mediator released during inflammation that causes vasodilation |
| cordotomy | surgical division of the anterolateral tracts of the spinal cord |
| dermatome | an area of skin innervated by a specific spinal nerve |
| efferent | moving away from the center |
| endogenous | originating from within the body |
| histamine | a chemical released from mast cells and basophils during an immune reaction; causes vasodilation and bronchoconstriction |
| intractable | resistant to treatment; pain that cannot be relieved by drugs |
| ischemia | a decreased blood supply to an organ or tissue |
| neurotransmitter | a chemical released upon stimulation from vesicles at the end of the axon of a neuron, in order to stimulate a receptor site |
| nociceptors | receptors for pain stimuli |
| opoids | a natural or synthetic substance that binds to opiod receptors in the central nervous system, relieving pain; related to opiod derivatives such as morphine or codeine |
| parenterally | the injection of substances into the body |
| prostaglandin | a group of chemical messengers in the body that can exert a variety of effects, such as vasodilation, muscle contraction and inflammation |
| reticular activating system RAS | cells of the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata that control the overall degree of central nervous system activity, including wakefulness, attentiveness, and sleep |
| reticular formation | a network of neurons in the brainstem involved in consciousness, breathing, and the transmission of sensory stimuli to higher brain centers. |
| rhizotomy | division or transection of a nerve root, either within the spinal canal or outside it. |
| sedatives | a substance that exerts a calming effect on a person |
| substance P | substance present in nerve tissue that causes vasodilatation and seems to be a sensory neurotransmitter involving pain, touch, and temperature. |
| tachycardia | excessively rapid heart beat |
| endorphins | morphine-like substances produced in the body that block pain stimuli at sites in the brain and spinal cord |
| pain | unpleasant sensation or feeling of discomfort |
| phantom pain | pain perceived in a lost limb |
| acute pain | pain that is usually sudden and severe and indicates tissue damage |
| chronic pain | long term pain that is usually more difficult to treat and prognosis is less certain. Often more difficult to discern the exact location. |
| headache | common type of pain that has many categories and is associated with many different causes |
| central pain | pain caused by dysfunction or damage to the brain or spinal cord |
| neuropathic pain | pain caused by trauma or disease involving the peripheral nerves |
| ischemic pain | pain resulting from profound, sudden loss of blood flow to an organ or specific tissues |
| cancer related pain | chronic and increasing pain associated with advancement of the disease or its treatment |
| local anesthesia | medication injected or applied topically to the skin or mucous membranes to block pain from a specific area |
| general anesthesia | inhaled gas or injected medication that results in a loss or consciousness |
| spinal anesthetic | local anesthetic administered in the epideral space or CSF to block pain from nerves or abdomen |
| neuroleptanesthesia | type of general anesthesia in which patient can respond to commands but is unaware of the procedure or discomfort |
| pain | caused by infection, tissue ischemia, tissue necrosis, stretching of tissues, chemicals or burns |
| phantom pain | Caused by loss of a limb |
| acute pain | usually caused by tissue damage |
| chronic pain | unresolved tissue damage from different causes |
| headache | caused by congested sinuses, eye strain, muscle spasms, TMJ or abnormal blood flow or brain metabolism |
| central pain | caused by dysfunction or damage in the brain or spinal cord |
| neuropathic pain | caused by trauma or disease involving the peripheral nerves |
| ischemic pain | profound or sudden loss of blood flow to an organ or tissues in a specific area |
| cancer related pain | caused by damage from the cancer or cancer treatments |
| local anesthesia | caused by anesthetic injected or applied to the skin or mucous membranes |
| general anesthesia | caused by inhaled gas IV injection of barbituatuates or proprofol |
| spinal anesthetic | caused by injecting anesthetic into the epidural space or CSF |
| neuroleptanesthesia | caused by injecting a type of general anesthetic in which the patient can respond to commands but is unaware of the procedure or the discomfort |
| pain | symptoms include pallor, sweating, increased blood pressure, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, anxiety, fear, clenched fists, rigid faces, constant motion or guarding |
| phantom pain | symptoms include, itching, tingling or pain in a lost limb |
| acute pain | symptoms include pain with stress response, increased blood pressure, heart rate, cool pale moist skin, increased respiratory rate, increased muscle tension, emotional responses, transmitted along fast A delta myelinated nerves |
| chronic pain | symptoms include perceived as more generalized without an exact location sleep disturbances, weight loss or gain. transmitted along slow unmyelinated C fibers |
| central pain | symptoms include persistent pain that can be localized or may involve a large area of the body |
| neuropathic pain | symptoms may include pain described as tingling, burning or a severe shooting pain in an area that has no physical damage |
| ischemic pain | symptoms include pain that may be aching, burning, pricking or a strong shooting pain from an area of decreased blood flow |
| cancer related pain | symptoms include a chronic pain that tends to increase with the advancement of the disease |
| local anesthesia | symptoms include pain that is blocked in a specific, small area |
| general anesthesia | symptoms include loss of consciousness |
| spinal anesthesia | symptoms include blockage of nerve conduction at or below the level of the spine into which it was injected |
| neuroleptanesthesia | symptoms include a patient that can respond to commands but is unaware of the procedure or discomfort |
Created by:
boringjen