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Patho Ch 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| aldosterone | a mineralcorticoid hormone that increases the reabsorption of sodium and water in the renal tubules |
| anion | a negatively charged ion |
| anorexia | loss of appetitie |
| antidiuretic hormone ADH | increases reabsorption of water in the renal tubules |
| ascites | abnormal accumulation of water in the abdominal cavity |
| atrial-natiuretic peptide | A peptide hormone that is produced by the right atrium of the heart in response to elevated blood pressure and stimulates the excretion of sodium and water by the kidneys |
| capillary permeability | a condition of the capillary wall structure that allows blood elements and waste products to pass through the capillary wall to tissue spaces |
| carpopedal spasm | a strong muscle contraction of the hand or foot |
| cation | a positively charged ion |
| diffusion | movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration |
| diuretic | an agent that increases urine excretion |
| dysrythmia | disturbance of rhythm, such as of brain waves or the heartbeat |
| electrocardiogram | a record of conduction in the heart |
| extracellular | situated or occurring outside a cell or cells |
| filtration | passage through a filter or other material that prevents passage of certain molecules, particles, or substances |
| hydrogen ions | the degree of concentration of hydrogen ions (the acid element) in a solution. Its symbol is pH, and it expresses the degree to which a solution is acidic or alkaline |
| hydrostatic pressure | the pressure exerted by a liquid |
| hypertonic/hyperosmolar | a solution with a greater concentration of solutes or higher osmotic pressure than that inside the cell present in the solution |
| hypervolemia | increased blood volume |
| hypothalamus | The part of the brain that lies below the thalamus and functioning to regulate bodily temperature, certain metabolic processes, and other autonomic activities |
| hypotonic/hypo-osmolar | a solution with a lesser concentration of solutes or lower osmotic pressure than that inside the cell present in the solution |
| hypovolemia | decreased blood volume |
| interstitial fluid | pertaining to parts or interspaces of a tissue |
| intracellular | within a cell or cells |
| intravascular fluid | within a vessel or vessels |
| isotonic/iso-osmolar | solution having the same tonicity as another solution with which it is compared |
| laryngospasm | closure of the larynx obstructing the airway |
| milliequivalent (mEq) | one thousandth (10−3) of a chemical equivalent (see equivalent weight). Concentrations of electrolytes are often expressed as milliequivalents per liter, which is an expression of the chemical combining power of the electrolyte in a fluid. |
| nonvolatile metabolic acids | An acid, such as lactic acid or sulfuric acid, that accumulates in the body as a result of metabolism. It cannot be excreted from the body by ventilation but must be excreted by organs other than the lungs, e.g., by acidification of the urine. |
| osmoreceptor | sensory nerve receptors stimulated by changes in fluid and electrolyte concentrations |
| osmosis | force that draws water through a semipermeable membrane from a solution of lower concentration to a solution of higher concentration |
| osmotic pressure | ability of dissolved substances in a solution to pull fluids across a membrane and maintain a fluid pressure |
| paresthesias | abnormal sensations |
| skin turgor | The relative speed with which the skin resumes its normal appearance after stretching or compression is an indicator of skin hydration |
| tetany | repeated skeletal muscle contractions or spasms, related to irritability of nerves and often associated with hypocalcemia |
| transcellular | Passing through cells |
| hypomagnasemia | low levels of magnesium in the blood |
| edema | excessive amount of fluid in the interstitial compartment |
| edema etiology | increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, loss of plasma proteins, obstruction of lymph or increased capillary permeability |
| symptoms of edema | swelling, pitting edema, functional impairment or pain, discolored skin, weight gain, lethargy, pulmonary congestion, decreased Hct, decreased sodium, diluted urine |
| dehydration | insufficient body fluids resulting from inadequate intake or excessive losses |
| etiology of dehydration | vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, diabetic ketoacidosis, insufficient water intake or concentrated formula for infants |
| hyponatremia | blood sodium levels less than 135mEq/L |
| etiology of hyponatremia | losses from excess sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, diuretics, hormonal imbalances, early chronic renal failure, excessive water intake |
| symptoms of hyponatremia | anorexia, nausea, cramps, fatigue, lethargy, muscle weakness, headache, confusion, seizures, decreased blood pressure |
| hypernatremia | blood sodium levels above 145mEq/L |
| etiology of hypernatremia | high salt intake without enough fluid intake, insufficient ADH causing increased urination, loss of thirst mechanism, watery diarrhea, prolonged rapid respiration |
| hypokalemia | blood potassium levels below 3.5mEq/L |
| etiology of hypokalemia | diarrhea, potassium wasting diuretics, excessive aldosterone hormone, decreased dietary intake, treatment of DKA with insulin |
| symptoms of hypokalemia | dysrythmias, cardiac arrest, paresthesias, decreased GI motility, postural hypotension, polyuria, alkalosis |
| hyperkalemia | blood potassium levels above 5mEq/L |
| causes of hyperkalemia | renal failure, def aldosterone hormone, "potassium sparing" diuretics, extensive cellular damage, acidosis |
| symptoms of hyperkalemia | arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, nausea, diarrhea, muscle weakness, paresthesias, oliguria, acidosis |
| pH | 7.35 to 7.45 |
| paCO2 | 35 to 45 |
| HCO3- | 22-26 |
| Na+ | 135-145 mEq/L |
| K+ | 3.5 to 5.1 mEq/L |
| Ca+ | 4 to 5 mEq/L |
| causes of hyponatremia | Losses from excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, Use of certain diuretic drugs combined with low-salt diet, Hormonal imbalances, Insufficient aldosterone, Adrenal insufficiency ,Excess ADH secretion ,Diuresis ,Excessive water intake |
| symptoms of hyponatremia | Fatigue, muscle cramps, abdominal discomfort or cramps, nausea, vomiting, Hypovolemia and decreased blood pressure, Cerebral edema ,Confusion, headache, weakness, seizures |
| causes of hypernatremia | Insufficient ADH (diabetes insipidus),Loss of the thirst mechanism, Watery diarrhea, Prolonged periods of rapid respiration ,Ingestion of large amounts of sodium without enough water |
| symptoms of hypernatremia | Weakness, agitation, Dry, rough mucous membranes, edema, Increased thirst, Increased blood pressure |
| causes of hypokalemia | Excessive losses caused by diarrhea, Diuresis associated with some diuretic drugs ,Excessive aldosterone or glucocorticoids Decreased dietary intake, May occur with alcoholism, eating disorders, starvation. Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis with insulin |
| symptoms of hypokalemia | Cardiac dysrhythmias, leading to cardiac arrest., Muscles less responsive to stimuli, Paresthesias―“pins and needles”,Decreased digestive tract motility, Severe hypokalemia:,Shallow respirations,Failure to concentrate urine―polyuria |
| causes of hyperkalemia | Renal failure, Deficit of aldosterone, Potassium-sparing” diuretics, Leakage of intracellular potassium into extracellular fluids, In patients with extensive tissue damage, Displacement of potassium from cells by prolonged or severe acidosis |
| causes of hypocalcemia | Hypoparathyroidism, Malabsorption syndrome, Deficient serum albumin, Increased serum pH level, Renal failure |
| symptoms of hypocalcemia | Spontaneous stimulation of skeletal muscle, Muscle twitching, Carpopedal spasm, Tetany, Weak heart contractions, Delayed conduction, Leads to dysrhythmias and decreased blood pressure |
| causes of hypercalcemia | Neoplasms―malignant bone tumors, Hyperparathyroidism Demineralization caused by immobility, Decrease stress on bone Increased calcium intake, Excessive vitamin D, Excess dietary calcium, Milk-alkali syndrome |
| symptoms of hypercalcemia | Muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone, Lethargy, stupor, personality changes, Anorexia, nausea, Interference with ADH function, Less absorption of water, Decrease in renal function, Increased strength in cardiac contractions, Dysrhythmias may occur |
| Fluid volume excess (edema) | excess fluid in the interstitial compartment |
| Fluid volume deficit (dehydration) | insufficient body fluid |
| third spacing | when fluid shifts out of the blood into a body cavity or tissue |
| hyponatremia | serum sodium level below 135 mEq/L |
| hypernatremia | serum sodium level more than 145 mEq/L |
| hypokalemia | serum potassium level below 3.5 mEq/L |
| hyperkalemia | serum potassium level greater than 5.0 mEq/L |
| hypocalcemia | serum calcium level less than 4 mEq/L |
| hypercalcemia | serum calcium level greater than 5 mEq/L |
| respiratory acidosis | pH less than 7.35 which results from increased carbon dioxide levels due to respiratory problems |
| respiratory alkalosis | pH above 7.45 which results from increased respirations that decreased carbon dioxide levels |
| metabolic acidosis | pH less than 7.35 which can result from decreased bicarbonate ions because of metabolic or renal problems |
| metabolic alkalosis | pH above 7.45 which can result from loss of hydrogen ions through the kidneys or GI tract |
| edema | caused by increased capillary permeability, decreased plasma proteins, obstruction of lymph or increased hydrostatic pressure |
| dehydration | caused by vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, DKA, decreased water intake, or concentrated baby formula |
| third spacing | caused by fluid shifting into body tissues or cavities such as in peritonitis or burns |
| respiratory acidosis | caused by elevated CO2 resulting from acute or chronic respiratory conditions such as pneumonia, aspiration or COPD |
| respiratory alkalosis | caused by hyperventilation due to anxiety, high fever or aspirin overdose |
| metabolic acidosis | caused by diarrhea, excessive bicarbonate or renal disoease |
| metabolic alkalosis | loss of hydrochloric acid from the stomach. hypokalemia or over-ingestion of antacids |
| Respiratory acidosis | Symptoms include headache lethargy weakness and confusion |
| Respiratory alkalosis | Symptoms include irritability of the nervous system, restlessness, muscle twitching, technique, seizures or coma |
| metabolic acidosis | Symptoms include headache , lethergy, weakness and confusion |
| metabolic alkalosis | Symptoms include irritability of the nervous system, restlessness, muscle twitching, seizures or coma |
| hypermagnesemia | magnesium above 1.1 mmol |
| hypohagnesemia | magnesium below 0.7 mmol |
| etiology of hypermagnesemia | usually occurs with renal failure |
| etiology of hypomagnesemia | malabsorption, malnutrition, alcoholism, diuretics, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperparathyroidism, hyperaldosteronism |
| effects of hypermagnesemia | depressed neuromuscular function, decreased reflexes, lethargy or cardiac arrythmias |
| effects of hypomagnesemia | neuromuscular hyperirritability, tremors, chorea, insomnia, personality changes, increased heart rate or arrythmias |
| effects of dehydration | Dry mucous membranes in the mouth, Decreased skin turgor or elasticity, Lower blood pressure, weak pulse, and a feeling of fatigue, Increased hematocrit,Decreasing mental function, confusion, and loss of consciousness |
Created by:
boringjen