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Test 3
Chapter 17
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The main portion of the digestive system is. | a long tube extending through the body |
| The inside of the digestive tube is part of the internal environment or the outside world? | The inside of the digestive tube is part of the outside world. |
| The pH, electrolyte composition and water volume of the internal environment are carefully regulated, but these change in the digestive tube, according to | the food we eat. |
| food materials that enter the digestive tube are broken down into | their building blocks ( sugars, amino acids, nucleotide, fatty acids, glycerol) |
| Building blocks are absorbed across | the wall of the tube |
| Once absorbed, building blocks are used to .. | create the molecules needed by the body |
| The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into forms that cell membranes can absorb is called | digestion |
| what breaks down large particles into smaller ones, but does not change chemical composition | mechanical digestion |
| The digestive system consists of | the alimentary canal and accessory organs |
| Organs of the digestive system carry out | mechanical and chemical digestion as well as ingestion, propulsion, absorption and defecation |
| the digestive system consists of what two portions? | Alimentary canal, and accessory organs |
| what consists of organs that extend from the mouth to the anus; the food passageway | alimentary canal |
| what consists of organs that empty secretions into the alimentary canal; food does not pass through them. | accessory organs |
| what are the general characteristics of the alimentary canal? | a muscular tube about 8 m long, passes through the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
| wall of the alimentary canal is composed of what 4 layers, from innermost to outermost, the layers are | Mucosa submmucosa muscularis serosa |
| define mucosa | innermost layer, mucous membrane |
| define submucosa | nourishes cells, transport absorbed food molecules |
| define muscularis | muscle tissue. moves tube and food materials |
| define serosa | outermost layer, serous fluif eliminates friction |
| what are the two types of movements in the alimentary canal | mixing movements, and propelling movements |
| what does mixing movements include? | Muscle in small sections contracts rhythmically • Does not move materials in one direction • Example: segmentation |
| Propelling movement moves material | in one direction |
| what is, ring of contraction progresses down tube propels food particles down the tract? | peristalsis |
| describe the innervation of the tube | branches of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system extensively innervate the alimentary canal |
| what controls secretion in the autonomic nervous system? | submucosal plexus |
| what controls gastointestinal motility? | my enteric plexus |
| autonomic control of the digestive activity includes both the | parasympathetic and sympathetic impulses |
| what are parasympathetic impulses? | increase activities of digestive system (secretion and motility) |
| what is the function of sympathetic impulses? | inhibit actions ( secretion and motility) |
| what is the first part of the alimentary canal? | mouth |
| What are some of the functions of the mouth? | ingests food, mastication, functions as an organ of speech and sensory reception. |
| the mouth is surrounded by.. | lips, cheeks, tongue, palate |
| The mouth contains | oral cavity and vestibule |
| what is the inner lining of the cheeks? | stratified squamous epithelium |
| form the lateral walls of the mouth | cheeks |
| contain muscles for facial expression and chewing | cheeks |
| Highly mobile structures that surround the mouth opening | lips |
| Sensory receptors judge temperature and texture of food | lips |
| Boundary between skin and mucous membrane inside mouth | lips |
| define the tongue | Thick, muscular organ that occupies the floor of the mouth, and nearly fills the oral cavity when the mouth is closed |
| connects tongue to the floor of mouth | lingual frenulum |
| projections that move food, contains taste buds | papillae |
| lymphatic tissue masses on root of tongue | lingual tonsils |
| forms the root of the oral cavity | palate |
| the palate consists of what two parts | a hard (bony) anterior part and a soft (muscular) posterior part. |
| the _ extends from the soft palate | uvula |
| lymphatic masses on the side of the tongue | palatine tonsils |
| masses of lymphatic tissue in posterior wall of pharynx | Pharynogeal tonsils ( adenoids) |
| what is the hardest structures in the body | teeth |
| how many primary teeth? | 20 |
| how many secondary teeth? | 32 |
| deciduous teeth refer to | primary teeth |
| permanent teeth refer to the | secondary teeth |
| dental caries | cavities within enamel of a tooth, bacteria on teeth metabolizes sugars, acidic by-products destroy enamel and dentin |
| dental caries are formed when | sticky foods lodge between teeth or in crevices of molars |
| how does one prevent dental caries | brush and floss, dental exams and cleaning, fluoride treatments, sealants |
| salivary glands secrete | saliva |
| moistens food particles and binds them together dissolves food so that it can be tasted | salivary glands -saliva |
| saliva contains _ and _ | enzymes (begin chemical digestion of carbohydrates) and bicarbonate ions (keep pH favorable for enzyme activity and protect teeth from acidic foods) |
| begin chemical digestion of carbohydrates | enzymes |
| keep pH favorable for enzyme activity and protect teeth from acidic foods | bicarbonate ions |
| 3 pairs of major salivary glands include | parotid glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands |
| there are many minor salivary glands scattered throughout the mucosa of the | tongue, palate, and cheeks ; keep lining of mouth moist |
| the different pairs of salivary glands have varying proportions of what two types of secretory cells | serous and mucous cells |
| produce a watery fluid, containing a digestive enzyme called salivary amylase, which splits starch and glycogen into disaccharides | serous cells |
| secrete mucus, which binds food particles and lubricates food while swallowing | mucous cells |
| three major pairs of salivary glands | parotid glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands |
| largest salivary glands in the body | parotid glands |
| parotid glands are located | anterior/inferior to ear |
| saliva of parotid glands contain | amylase |
| parotid gland contain what type of glands | serous |
| sunmandibular glands are located | floor of the mouth |
| submandibular glands contain what two different types of glands | serous and mucous |
| sublingual glands are located | under tongue |
| sublingual glands are most _ glands | mucous |
| the cavity posterior to the mouth | pharynx |
| _ extends from the nasal cavity to the esophagus | pharynx |
| the _ is the tubular organ that extends from the pharynx to the stomach | esophagus |
| do the pharynx and the esophagus help in food digestion? | no |
| both the pharynx and the esophagus have _ walls which function in | muscular, swallowing |
| the pharynx connects _ and _ cavities | nasal and oral |
| they pharynx can be divided into what three parts | nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx |
| the first stage of swallowing is | Voluntary stage, in which saliva is mixed with chewed food, forming a bolus |
| the second stage of swallowing is | Begins as food reaches oropharynx, stimulates sensory receptors, and triggers swallowing reflex: • The soft palate and uvula raise, to protect nasal cavity from food • The hyoid bone and larynx elevate • The epiglottis closes off top of the larynx, to pr |
| the third stage of swallowing is | Peristalsis transports food in the esophagus to the stomach |
| a musscular food passageway from the pharynx to the stomach (25 cm) | esophagus |
| the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm through the | esophageal hiatus |
| the esophagus contain which glands | mucous in submucosa |
| what regualtes food passage into the stomach | lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter |
| j shaped pouch-like organ, about 25-30 centimeters long | stomach |
| where is the stomach located | inferior to the diaphragm, in the upper-left portion of the abdominal cavity |
| folds of the mucosa and submucosa that allow for distention | rugae |
| what are the functions of the stomach | receives food from the esophagus • mixes food with gastric juice • initiates protein digestion • has limited absorption • moves food into small intestine |
| the stomach contains what layers of smooth muscle | An inner circular layer • An outer longitudinal layer • Some portions have third (innermost) layer of oblique fibers |
| gastric glands coantain 3 types of secretory cells, which produce a mixture called | gastric juice |
| what are the components of gastric juice | pepsinogen, pepsin, gastric lipase, hydochloric acid, mucus, intrinsic factor |
| inactive form of pepsin secreted by chief cells | pepsinogen |
| active enzyme that breaks down proteins into polypeptides; forms from pepsinogen in presence of hydrochloric acid | pepsin |
| fat-splitting enzyme, found in small quantities; action inhibited by low pH | gastric lipase |
| produced by parietal cells, converts pepsinogen into pepsin | hydochloric acid |
| secreted by mucous cells; provides lubrication and protects stomach lining | mucus |
| produced by parietal cells; required for reabsorption of vitamin B12 | intrinsic factor |
| describe the regulation of gastric secretions | gastric juice is produced continuously , rate of production varies, and is under neural and hormonal control |
| neural regulation | Sympathetic impulses decrease gastric activity • Parasympathetic impulses increase gastric activity; promote release of histamine, which stimulates gastric secretion |
| hormonal regulation includes | somatostain, gastrin, cholescystokini (CCK) |
| what does somatostain do? | inhibits hydrochloric acid secretion |
| what does gastrin do? | increases gastric juice secretion |
| what does cholecystokinin (CCK) do? | released by small intestine cells when proteins and fat enter the small intestine; decrease gastric motility |
| _ gastric enzyme, begins breaking down proteins | pepsin |
| describe the wall of the stomach | the wall of the stomach is not well-adapted to absorb digestive products |
| the stomach does absorb | some water, certain salts, certain lipid-soluble drugs, some alcohol |
| the mixing of food in the stomach with gastric juice produces a semifluid paste called | chyme |
| ___push chyme toward pylorus of stomach | peristaltic |
| ____ amount of chyme is transported through pyloric sphincter at a time | small |
| when chyme starts to fill the duodenum, stretch receptors initiate the ________. This slows stomach emptying and intestinal filling. | enterogastric reflex |
| it takes up to _ minutes for the hypothalamus to sense full stomach | 20 |
| excess fullness leads to ______and _____, as stomach contents enter esophagus. | abdominal pain, and gastric reflux |
| stomach contents in esophagus cause inflammation, called esophagitis; feels like the pain is derived from the heart, so it is called _____. | heartburn |
| _ can provide some relieve for heartburn | antacids |
| what is prevention for a common problem called heartburn? | eat small meals, east slowly, stay upright after eating, and avoid caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol. |
| the pancreas is an ______, secreting insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose. | endocrine glands |
| Pancreas is also an _________ of the digestive system.in this function it secretes a digestive fluid called pancreatic juice. | exocrine gland |
| Pancreatic ____ make up most of pancreas, and release pancreatic juice into tiny ducts which lead to the pancreatic duct | acinar cells |
| ________( along with the common bile duct from the liver and gall bladder ) empties into the duodenum of the small intestine. | pancreatic duct |
| Pancreatic dict and common bile duct join at dilated tube called the | hepatopancreatic amupulla (of Vater) |
| surrounds ampulla; controls movement of bile and pancreatic juice into duodenum | hepatopancreatic sphincter (of oddi) |
| what is the structure of the pancreas? | The pancreas has a large head, that fits into the curvature of the duodenum. The tail of the pancreas lies against the spleen. |
| ______ contains enzymes that digest carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids | pancreatic juice |
| components of pancreatic juice include? | pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, nucleases, bicarbonate ions |
| splits starch and glycogen into disaccharides | pancreatic amylase |
| breaks down triglycerides | pancreatic lipase |
| digests proteins; released as inactive trypsinogen, ehcich is activated by enterkinase in small intestine | trypsin |
| digest proteins; released as inactive, activated by trypsin. | chymotrypsin |
| digests proteins, released as inactive, activated by trypsin | carbpxypeptidase |
| digest nucleic acids | nucleases |
| make pancreatic juice alkaline; buffer stomach acid | bicarbonate ions |
| the hormones that help regulate the release of pancreatic juice includes | secretin , CCK |
| stimulates pancreas to release pancreatic juice high in bicarbonate ions | secretin |
| stimulates a pancreas to release pancreatic juice high in enzymes acts a | CCK |
| the largest internal organ | liver |
| the liver is located | in the upper-right abdominal wuadrant, just beneath the diaphragm |
| the liver is _ in color and is well supplied with blood vessels | reddish-brown |
| the liver has four lobes, including | right lobe, left lobe, quadrate lobe, caudate lobe |
| the right lobe is the _ lobe | largest |
| left lobe is _ than the right lobe | smaller |
| minor lobe, near the gallbladder refers to the | quadrate lobe |
| minor lobe, near inferior vena cave refers to | caudate lobe |
| liver lobes are divided into _____; these are the functional units of the liver. | heaptic lobules |
| ________ consists of plates of hepatic cells radiating out form a central vein. _________ run between plates of cells. | lobules , hapatic sinusoids |
| oxygen -poor blood from the digestive tract is transported to the liver through the ________ | hepatic portal vein |
| Oxygen-poor blood from the digestive tract is transported to the liver through the hepatic portal vein. It mixes with oxygen-rich blood from the | hepatic artery |
| the blood from the hepatic artery is filtered through | hepatic sinusoids |
| ______________ adjust nutrient concentrations, as the nutrients from the digestive tract flow | hepatocytles |
| bile production by hapatocytes leave the liver through ____ | bile ducts |
| the liver carries on many important activities including : | prducees glycogen, breaks doen glycogen, converts non-carbohydrates to glucose, oxidizes fatty acids, sntheszies lipoproteins, phospholipds, and cholesterol, converts excess carbohydrates and proteins into fats, deaminated amino acids, forms urea |
| the liver carries on many important activities including: | sytheszies plasma proteins,, converts some amono acids to other amino acids, stores glycogen, iron, and vitamins A, D, and B12, phagocytizes damaged RBCs abd foreign substances/ antigens, removes toxins like alcohol and certain drugs from the blood |
| acts as a blood reservior | liver |
| the liver's role in digestion is | to secrete bile |
| _______is a yellowish-green liquid that hepatic cells continuously secrete. | bile |
| components of bile include | water, bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, electrolytes |
| ______ are produced from cholesterol, emulsify fats, and only bile component that have a digestive function ( as as fat emulsifying agent) | bile salts |
| bilirubin and biliverdin , derived from hemoglobin breakdowns | bile pigments |
| ___________ is an inflammation of the liver | hepatitis |
| most causes of hepatitis is ________ | one of several viruses |
| ___ is a pear- shaped sac on inferior surface of liver | gall bladder |
| ______ from the gall bladder joins with the _______ from teh liver to form the common bile duct. | cystic duct, common hepatic duct |
| how are gallstones formed? | sometimes cholesterol precipitates and forms solid crystals, and crystals can enlarge forming gallstones |
| what are some causes of gallstones? | excess bile concentration, too much cholesterol secretion by liver, or inflammation of the gallbladder |
| the hormone____________, causes the gallbladder to contract, in response to fats entering the duodenum. The bile is then released into the duodenum. | cholecystokinin CCK |
| bile salts aid digestive enzymes through ____________. | emulsification |
| during emulsification bile salts .. | break up large fat globules into smaller droplets (like soap or detergent) , and aid in fat digestion by increasing surface area to the enzyme lipase |
| bile salts enhance absorption of fatty acids and cholesterol by forming ______. | micelles |
| help absorb fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K | bile salts |
| true or false almost all bile salts are recycled | true |
| what are symptoms of gallbladder disease | Pain in right upper abdominal quadrant, back and right shoulder; perhaps nausea and sweating |
| what are tests to observe the gallbladder? | Ultrasonography of gallbladder, or an X-ray called a cholecystogram • Gallstones can be found in the gallbladder, cystic duct, hepatic ducts, or the common bile duct |
| what are some treatments for those with gallbladder disease? | Cholecystectomy: surgical removal of the gallbladder - Endoscopy to find stones or remove them from certain areas |
| a tubular organ that extends from the pyloric sphincter to the beginning of the large intestine that fills most of the abdominal cavity | small intestine |
| ____ receives chyme from the stomach, and liver and pancreatic secretions | small intestine |
| _________ completes digestion of the nutrients in chyme. | small intestine |
| absorbs products of digestion | small intestine |
| ___ transports the remaining residue to the large intestine | small intestine |
| the small intestine consists of what three parts? | duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| shortest and most fixed part of the small intestine | duodenum |
| middle portion of the small intestine, thicker and more active than the ileum | jejumum |
| distal portion of the small intestine, contains Peyer's patches (lymph nodules) | ileum |
| The jejunum and ileum are suspended by a double-layered fold of peritoneum called a____________which transports blood & lymphatic vessels and nerves to wall of intestine | mesentary |
| A double fold of peritoneum, called the ___________, drapes down from stomach, over the large intestine and folds of small intestine | greater omenlum |
| Tiny projections of the mucosa,_____________ , greatly increase the surface area for absorption of digestive end products | intestinal villi |
| Each villus consists of simple columnar epithelium with a core of connective tissue, with blood vessels, a ________ (lymphatic capillary), and nerve fibers | lacteal |
| Free surfaces of epithelial cells contain ___________which also increase surface area for absorption | microvilli |
| are located between bases of villi | intestinal glands /crypts of lieberkuhn |
| are circular folds of mucosa, which also increase surface area | plicae circulares |
| secrete a thick, alkaline mucous in response to certain stimuli | brunner's gland |
| intestinal glands secrete a _________ that picks up digestion products, and transports them into villi; contains enzymes | watery liquid |
| enzymes in the membranes of the microvilli include | peptidase, sucrase, maltase, lactase, lipase |
| breaks down peptides into amino acids | peptidase |
| break down disaccharides into monosaccharides | sucrase, maltase, lactase |
| breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol | lipase |
| mucous secretion occurs in response to _________, or presence of irritants such as gastric juice | mechanical stimulation |
| ____________ stimulates goblet cells to secrete mucus, and intestinal glands to secrete watery fluid | contact with chyme |
| _______ activates nerve plexuses in the wall of the small intestine | distension of the intestinal wall |
| Distention stimulates _______ reflexes that trigger the release of intestinal enzymes. | parasympathetic |
| _ increase the surface area for absorption | villi |
| small intestine is the __________ of the alimentary canal | most important absorbing organ |
| small intestine absorption is so effective that _______________________ | very little absorbable material reaches the organ's distal end. |
| salivary and pancreatic _______ break down starch and glycogen into disaccharides | amylase |
| ________ enzymes break down disacchrides into monosccharides | intestinal |
| monosaccharides are absorbed by _________and _______, into the blood vessels n villi | facilitated diffusion and active transport |
| ________ in the stomach breaks down proteins into polypeptides | pepsin |
| __________ breaks down proteins and polypeptides into smaller peptides | pancreatic proteases ( trysin, chymotrypsin, etc. ) |
| ____ breaks peptides into amino acids | intestinal peptidases |
| amino acids are absorbed by ________ into blood vessels of villi. | active transport |
| the small intestine carries on what two types of movements? | peristalsis and segmentation |
| wave-like pushing movement that propel chyme in proper direction down the small intestine | peristalsis |
| ring-like contractions that move chyme back and forth (mixing movement) | segmentation |
| ___________ impulses stimulate both mixing and peristaltic movements, and _________ impulses inhibit them. | parasympathetic and sympathetic |
| if small intestine becomes over distended or irritated, a ______________ sweep contents quickly into large intestine, resulting in diarrhea. | strong peristaltic rush |
| __________ joins ileum of small intestine to cecum of large intestine, and helps regulate flow of chyme. | illocecal sphincter |
| why is the large intestine named the large intestine. | named because diameter is greater than that of small intestine, 1.5 m long |
| what happens at the distal end of the large intestine | opens to the outside of the body through the anus |
| the large intestine absorbs ___and _____ | some water and electrolytes |
| the large intestine reabsorbs and recycles ______and ____. | water and digestive secretions |
| the large intestine forms and stores ____. | feces |
| the large intestine consists of what 4 parts? | cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal |
| the cecum is | pouch forms the beginning of large intestine |
| __________ is attached to cecum; contains lymphatic tissue | appendix |
| ________ has ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid portions. | colon |
| ___ extends from sigmoid colon to anal canal. | rectum |
| _________ is the last 2.5-4cm of the large intestine; opens to outside as anus. | anal canal |
| what guards the anus? | internal and external sphincters |
| wall of the large intestine has ____ layers. | 4 |
| wall of the large intestine lacks | villi and plicae circulares |
| longitudinal muscle is organized into 3 bands, ______, the run down entire length of colon. | taeniae coli |
| taeniea coli bands create pouches called ________ which help form feces. | haustra |
| __________ intestine has little or no digestive function | the large intestine |
| the only significant secretion of the large intestine is | mucus by the means of tunular glands that contain globlet cells |
| the large intestine absorbs __ and ______. | water and electrolytes |
| the large intestine houses ___________ which break down contents such as cellulose, and produce vitamins K, B12, thiamine. | flora |
| the large intestine forms ____ and carries out defecation. | feces |
| movements of the large intestine are similar to those of the _____, they are slower and less frequent. | small intestine |
| in the large intestine peristalitic waves produce ___________ movements, which usually follow meals | strong mass movements |
| the _________ relaxes the internal anal sphincter and then the external anal sphincter. | defecation reflex |
| feces are composed of materials not digested or absorbed, and also contain: | water, electrolytes, mucus, bacteria, bile pigments |
| the pungent odor of bile is produced by bacterial compounds, including: | phenol, hydrogen sulfide, indole, skatole, ammonia |
| weakening of intestinal wall leads to protrusion of mucous membrane; forms outpouchings that can become inflamed and infected | diverticulosis |
| disorders of the large intestine include | diverticulosis, inflammatory bowel disease , colorectal cancer |
| inflammatory bowel disease includes a group of disorders which are. | ulcerative colitis, crohn's disease |
| affects mucosa and submucosa of large intestine; causes bloody diarrhea, cramps | ulcerative colitis |
| more serious; affects all layers, and occurs in both small and large intestines, causes diarrhea and pain | crohn's disease |
| colerectal cancer refers to | cancer of the large intestine or rectum, fourth most common caner in US, screening test include fecal occult blood test and colonoscopy |
Created by:
PeightonBM