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A&P
Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What area of the brain is responsible for higher-order behaviors such as learning, intelligence, and awareness? | Cerebrum |
| Where is Gray Matter located within the cell? | The cell body is considered gray matter |
| Where is White Matter located within the cell? | The white matter makes up the mylinated axons given this name due to the gross appearance - it appears a shade of white |
| What is the gray matter that makes up the outer layer of the cerebrum? | The Cerebral cortex |
| Are the fibers beneath the cortex and corpus callosum considered white or gray matter? | White matter |
| What are the folds in the surface of the cerebrum called? | Gyri or gyrus |
| What are the deep grooves found in the cerebral cortex called? | Fissures |
| What are the especially shallow grooves in the cerebral cortex called? | Sulci or sulcus |
| What is the prominent groove that divides the cerebrum into the right and left cerebral hemispheres? | Longitudinal Fissure |
| What part of the brain is responsible for coordinated movement, balance, posture, and complex reflexes? | Cerebellum |
| What is the Cerebrum responsible for? | Higher-order behaviors such as learning, intelligence, and awareness |
| What is the Cerebellum responsible for? | coordinated movement, balance, posture, and complex reflexes |
| Where is the Cerebellum located? | Just caudal to the cerebrum |
| Where is the Cerebrum located? | It is the most cranial or rostral and the most dorsal aspect of the brain |
| What part of the brain acts as the passage way between the brain stem and the cerebrum? | Diencephalon |
| What are the three parts to the Diencephalon? | Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pituitary |
| What part of the brain acts as a relay station for regulating sensory inputs to the cerebrum? (Specifically) | Thalamus |
| What part of the brain acts as the interface between the nervous system and the endocrine system? | Hypothalamus |
| What gland is considered the "master gland"? | Pituitary |
| What part of the brain acts as the connection between the brain and the rest of the body? | Brain stem |
| The brain stem is composed of what parts? | Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, and RAS |
| What part of the brain do many of the cranial nerves originate from | Brain stem |
| What part of the brain is responsible for the regulation of the heart and respiratory system as well as actions like swallowing or vomiting? | Brain stem |
| What does RAS stand for? | Reticular Activating System |
| What part of the brain is responsible for regulation of sleep and wake transitions/arousal? | RAS |
| Anesthetic agents may work by blocking the neural connection in what area of the brain? | RAS |
| What is included in the RAS? | The reticular formation and all of its connections |
| What part of the brain stem may also play a role in the physiological pain pathway? | RAS |
| What is the Medulla? | The central part |
| What is the Medulla of the spinal cord composed of? | Gray matter (neuron cell bodies) |
| What is the central canal? | The center of the Medulla |
| What is the cortex? | The outer part of the spinal cord |
| What is the cortex composed of? | White matter (myelinated nerve fibers) |
| What surrounds the gray matter in the spinal cord? | The cortex |
| Dorsal and ventral nerve roots emerge where? | Between each pair of adjacent vertebrae |
| Ventral horn or dorsal horn: forward sensory nerve impulses to the brain or other parts of spinal cord | Dorsal |
| Ventral horns or dorsal horn: forward motor nerve to the spinal nerves and rest of body | Ventral |
| What are the connective tissue layers that surround the brain and spinal cord called? | Meninges |
| What composes the Meninges? | blood vessels, fluid, and fat |
| What purpose do the meninges serve? | It supplies nutrients and oxygen to the superficial tissues of the brain and spinal cord and it provides some cushioning and distribution for the CNS |
| What are the three layers of the Meninges? | Dura mater, Arachnoid, and Pia mater |
| Where is cerebral fluid located? | between layers of the meninges and in canals and ventricles inside the brain and central canal of spinal cord |
| What is the purpose of the cerebral fluid? | Provides cushioning and may play a role in regulation of autonomic functions such as respiration and vomiting |
| What is the blood brain barrier? | The functional barrier between the capillaries in the brain and the nervous tissue; composed of capillary walls, without the openings found in other capillaries, and glial cells |
| What prevents many drugs, proteins, ions and other molecules from readily passing from the blood into the brain? | Blood brain barrier |
| What is the Peripheral Nervous System? | The part of nervous system that extends outward from the central axis toward the periphery of the body and includes everything outside of the brain and spinal cord |
| What is the Central Nervous System? | It is made up of the brain and spinal cord |
| What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system? | Neuron |
| What are the limitations of the neuron? | require lots of oxygen, cannot reproduce shortly after birth, and regenerate very slowly at about the rate of width of a fingernail a year and only if the cell body remains intact |
| What are the basic structural parts of the neuron? | Soma or Perikaryon (central cell body), Dendrites, and Axon |
| What part of the neuron receives stimulus from other neurons and conducts the stimulus to the cell body? | Dendrite |
| In addition to receiving stimulus dendrites may serve as what? | Receptors for heat, cold, touch, pressure, stretch, or other physical changes from inside or outside the body |
| What is the basic structure of the dendrite? | short, numerous, multibranched |
| What part of the neuron conducts impulses away from the cell body toward another neuron or an effector cell? | Axon |
| What is the basic structure of the axon? | Single, long process; may be covered with myelin |
| True or False: Unmyelinated axons conduct impulses slower than myelinated axons. | True |
| Explain the difference between sensory and motor nerve fibers? | Sensory nerves carry information to the brain, motor nerves carry information away from the brain to initiate action |
| What are the four divisions of the brain? | Cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brainstem |
| What nerve can be found next to the carotid artery in the neck? | Vagus nerve |
| What nerve is found on the medial surface of the thigh running with the femoral artery and vein | Femoral nerve |
| What are the little grooves or "valleys" on the surface of the cerebrum called? | Sulci or sulcus |
| What are the little folds or "hills" on the surface of the cerebrum called? | Gyri |
| What separates the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres? | Longitudinal Fissure |
| What is the structure made up of nerve fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres called? | Corpus Collossum |
| What type of matter is the cortex of the cerebellum made up of? | Gray |
| What type of matter is the medulla of the spinal cord made up of? | Gray |
| The outermost layer of the meninges is what? | Dura mater |
| True or False: The cranial nerves are part of the central nervous system. | False |
| The most caudal nerve of the three main nerves branching off of the brachial plexus is what? | The Ulnar |
| What nerve lies just beneath (deep to) the biceps femoris muscle? | Sciatic |
| What is the longest cranial nerve in the body? | Vagus |
| What section of the brain coordinates movements and helps an animal maintain balance and an upright posture? | Cerebellum |
| What section of the brain controls the most primitive functions of the body? | Brain stem |
| What are two of the primitive functions of the brain stem? | Respiratory function, Cardiac function, Blood Pressure, swallowing |
| What are the 3 main categories that all nervous system activities fall into? | Sensory, Motor, Integrating |
| Which nerve must be avoided when giving an intramuscular injection into the thigh area of the hind leg and why? | Sciatic nerve, because it can result in partial or complete loss of function |
| What are the gross differences between the Drua mater, arachnoid, and Pia Mater of the meninges? | Dura mater is the thick, tough outer layer, Arachnoid is the middle layer and is a weblike mesh filled with fluid, and the Pia mater is thin and tightly adhered to the brain |
| What is myelin? | Fatty substance that covers some axons. membrane of glial cells, When fixed for microscopic examination it appears white, hence myelinated neurons make up the "white matter" of the brain and spinal cord |
| What is the cell membrane of glial cells called and what does it do? | Myelin sheath, increases speed of the impulse conduction along the axon |
| What are schwann cells? | Glial cells associated with peripheral nerves whose cellular membrane forms the myelin sheath for axons in the PNS |
| What are glial cells? | Cells in the nervous system that support and protect neurons |
| What is another name for glial cells inside the brain and spinal cord? | oligodendrocytes |
| What are the nodes of Ranvier? | The gaps between adjacent glial cells |
| True or False: Spinal nerves are part of the central nervous system. | False, they're part of the PNS |
| Do Afferent nerves conduct impulses away or toward the CNS? | Toward |
| Do Efferent nerves conduct impulses away or toward the CNS? | Away |
| True or False: Cranial and spinal nerves int he PNS and nerve tracts (bundles of axons) in the CNS have nerve fibers that are only either Sensory or Motor. | False, they can have Sensory, Motor or BOTH |
| What is the resting state? | when a neuron is not being stimulated |
| What is the resting membrane potential? | The difference in electrical charge across neuronal membrane- results from differences in the distribution of positive and negative charges from sodium, potassium, proteins, and other charged ions on either side of the neuronal membrane |
| What is the sodium potassium pump? | A specialized molecule that helps restore cell resting state, it pumps Na+ (sodium) from inside of the neuron to the outside and it pumps K+ (potassium) from outside the neuron to the inside |
| What is depolarization? | When the neuron receives external stimulus sodium channel opens on neuron cell membrane and sodium ions flow into cell by passive diffusion, causing an action potential |
| What is action potential? | The significant change in electric charge from negative to positive during depolarization |
| What is another name for the glial cells outside the brain and spinal cord? | Schwann cell |
| What is it called when the nerve impulse jumps from one node of ranvier to the next? | Saltatory Conduction |
| What are the 3 major neurotransmitters? | Acetylcholine, Catecholamines, Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) |
| What is the function of Acetylcholine? | Depends on the location of the body |
| What is the function of Catecholamines? | Norepinephrine & Epinephrine -Fight or Flight Dopamine: Autonomic functions & muscle control |
| What is the function of Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) | It inhibits the release/binding of neurotransmitters to receptor sites |
| What is the scientific word for your sense of taste? | Gustatory |
| What is the scientific word for your sense of sight? | Optic |
| What is the scientific word for your sense of hearing? | Acoustic |
| What is the scientific word for your sense of smell? | Olfactory |
| What is the purpose of the eustachian tube? | Equalizes pressure |
| When is the action potential created? | During depolarization |
| What is repolarization? | It's when the sodium channels close and the potassium channels open. The K+ then diffuses out of the cell. |
| When does the sodium-potassium pump open? | At the end of repolarization. |
| What is the sodium-potassium pump? | A channel that opens and allows both K+ to go into the cell and Na+ to pass out of the cell |
| What is the purpose of the sodium-potassium pump? | To restore the resting state of the cell |
| What is the time period during which a neuron is insensitive to additional stimuli called? | Refractory period |
| When is the refractory period? | The cell is still in depolarization/early repolarization |
| During what part of the refractory period might it be possible to stimulate another depolarization if stimulus is very large? | During the Relative refractory period which takes place during the end of the repolarization period |
| Where can depolarization occur in myelinated axons? | In the nodes of Ranvier |
| What is the junction between two neurons or a neuron and a target cell called? | Synapse |
| What is the synaptic cleft? | The gap between adjacent neurons |
| What is a presynaptic neuron? | It's the neuron brining the depolarization wave to the synapse (it releases the neurotransmitter) |
| What is the postsynaptic neuron? | It's the neuron that's receptors receive the neurotransmitters |
| What is the telodendron? | The branched structure on a presynaptic neuron |
| What is the terminal button? | The slightly enlarged bulb on each end of the telodendron also called the synaptic end bulb or the synaptic knob |
| What are the primary types of neurotransmitters? (not the specific names of neurotransmitters) | Excitatory and Inhibitory |
| What are excitatory neurotransmitters? | neurotransmitters that usually cause an influx of sodium so that the postsynaptic membrane moves towards the threshold |
| What are inhibitory neurotransmitters? | neurotransmitters that move the charge within the postsynaptic cell farther away from the threshold - hyperpolarize the cell |
| What does monoamine oxidase break down? | Norepinephrine |
| What breaks down the norepinephrine that isn't reabsorbed? | Catechol-O-methyl transferase |
| The sensation of hunger, thirst, or hollow-organ fullness is known as what? | Visceral sensations |
| What sense allows us to senses something being in contact with the surface of the body? | Touch |
| What sense allows us to senses upward or downward changes in skin or blood? | Temperature |
| What sense allows us to senses Intense stimuli of any type? | Pain |
| What sense allows us to senses body position and movement? | Propriception |
| What type of stimulus do the visceral sensations act on? | Chemical, mechanical |
| What type of stimulus does the touch sense act on? | Mechanical |
| What type of stimulus do the temperature sense act on? | Thermal |
| What type of stimulus do the pain sense act on? | Mechanical, chemical, thermal |
| What type of stimulus do the proprioception sense act on? | Mechanical |
| True or False: Organs can be handled, cut, and crushed without apparent pain. | True |
| True or False: Bladder stretching is both a visceral sensation and a pain sensation? | False, it is visceral (sensation of filling), but not pain |
| What are pain receptors called? | nociceptors |
| What are the 4 processes of pain reception? | Transduction, Transmission, Modulation, Perception |
| What is Transduction? | The conversion of painful stimulus into a nerve impulse |
| What is Transmission? | Conduction of the nerve impulse to the spinal cord |
| What is Modulation? | Changes in the sensory nerve impulse (amplification or suppression) |
| What is Perception? | Conscious awareness of painful stimuli |
| What allows for proprioception? | Stretch receptors in skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules sense movements of the limbs, position of the joints, the state of contraction of the muscles, and the amount of tension being exerted upon the tendons and ligaments |
| Type of stimulus: Taste | Chemical |
| Type of stimulus: Smell | Chemical |
| Type of stimulus: Hearing | Mechanical |
| Type of stimulus: Equilibrium | Mechanical |
| Type of stimulus: Vision | Electromagnetic |
| True or False: Taste buds are small elevated structures on the tongue. | False these are the papillae, the taste buds are receptors found on the sides of these |
| How does our sense of smell work? | Hairlike processes project up from the olfactory cells into the mucus layer that covers nasal epithelium, odor molecules dissolve into the mucus and contact the sensory processes, nerve impulses are generated and sent to the brain and interpreted as smell |
| Most structures of the ear are located where? | In the temporal bones of the skull |
| What are the structures of the external ear? | Pinna, External Auditory Canal, and Tympanic Membrane |
| What are the structures of the Middle ear? | 3 ossicles, Eustachian tube, |
| What are the structures of the Inner ear? | Chochlea, Organ of Corti, Vestibule, Semicircular canals |
| What is the function of the pinna and external auditory canal? | Acts as a funnel to collect sound wave vibrations and direct them to the eardrum |
| What is the function of the tympanic membrane? | It converts soundwaves into vibrations |
| What are the 3 ossicles of the middle ear? | Malleus, Incus, Stapes |
| What is the function of the 3 ossicles? | Act as a system of levers that transmit sound wave vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea |
| What is the outermost of the 3 ossicles? | Malleus |
| What is the innermost of the 3 ossicles? | Stapes |
| What is the middle of the 3 ossicles? | Incas |
| What is the receptor organ of hearing? | Organ of corti |
Created by:
Adeprey4311