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env exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The greenhouse effect is a natural process. | true |
| What is cited as one of the benefits of the Kyoto Protocol that made it easier for many countries to sign on? | flexibility |
| The movement of carbon between the atmosphere, oceans, plants, animals, and soil is known as _______. | the carbon cycle |
| All of the following are considered proxy records that have been used to estimate Earth’s temp eratures for thousands of years prior to direct measurement, EXCEPT: | Ozone monitoring |
| Global warming is the term used to describe all forms of long term climate fluctuations. | false |
| Two billion years ago Earth’s atmosphere had more carbon dioxide than oxygen in it. | true |
| The Kyoto Protocol sets mandatory, legally binding emission reduction targets for all parties subject to it. | false |
| All of the following are reasons why political economists prefer nonmarket regulatory solutions, EXCEPT: | It is an example of the first contradiction in capitalism. |
| A market environmentalist would argue that given the right ________ companies would innovate and reduce their emissions without need for command and control policies. | incentives |
| CO2 levels fluctuate throughout the year, with the seasons. During which season would we expect to see the lowest levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide in the Northern Hemisphere? | Summer |
| The _______ was signed in 2005 as one example of a local response to the global problem of climate change. | US Conference of Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement |
| Paying a factory owner to reduce carbon emissions would be an example of utilizing the Coase theorem. | true |
| _____________ changed the composition of the atmosphere so that there was more oxygen and less CO2 | Cyanobacteria |
| Most of Earth’s carbon is locked up in what? | crust |
| All of the following are greenhouse gases, EXCEPT: | nitrogen |
| Which of the following is NOT true concerning Annex 1 countries in the Kyoto Protocol? | These countries emit less CO2 per capita than developing countries. |
| Proxy data covering the past 800,000 years shows that as CO2 levels have increased on Earth, temperatures have: | increased |
| A market environmentalist would most likely support _______ as a solution to address climate change? | carbon offset programs |
| According to records, CO2 levels have been increasing about ___% per year since 1958? | 0.5 |
| The _______ was enacted in order to specifically reduce the concentration of CFCs in the atmosphere. | Montreal Protocol |
| A developing country is likely to emit more carbon dioxide per capita than a developed country. | false |
| At the time the Kyoto Protocol was proposed, which nation was the largest producer of carbon emissions in the world? | United States |
| Which of the following is NOT true concerning global emissions of carbon dioxide? | Only a few countries would benefit from the reduction of greenhouse gases. |
| Without the greenhouse effect, the average temperature on Earth would be how much colder than present? | 61 |
| The greenhouse effect is necessary for life on Earth as we know it. | True |
| The data that were used to make the Keeling curve come from | direct measurements of carbon dioxide |
| Many scientists assert that the Earth is changing as a result of rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Which of the following statements is NOT some of the evidence given? | Temperatures have increased about 6 °F over the last century. |
| The Keeling curve shows an overall increasing trend in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. | true |
| Environmental regulation in the U.S. has traditionally relied on what type of policies? | Command and control |
| The link to ___________ is the primary reason that efforts to reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions have not been as successful as they could have been. | economy |
| An example of uneven development regarding deforestation would include: | U.S. ownership of the world’s bananas. |
| All of the following are examples of natural forest disturbance, EXCEPT: | Controlled burns |
| Much environmental activism has resulted in cooperation between wealthy environment al interest groups and local people to protect their livelihoods. | true |
| All of the following are examples of reforestation efforts, EXCEPT: | Clearing land for agriculture |
| The ______ states that initial development in a region will cause deforestation, but as the economy changes and people migrate out of rural areas the forest will recover. | forest transition theory |
| Which of the following is NOT a process by which deforestation occurs? | Plantation creation |
| After a disturbance, a forest will always return to its climax vegetation. | False |
| All of the following are limits of the forest transition theory, EXCEPT: | Assuming that further deforestation may be necessary. |
| According to a political economy perspective, the best option for dealing with deforestation is to wait and allow the markets to encourage preservation activities. | false |
| Reforestation in certain areas often depends on deforestation in other areas. | true |
| Rates of forestation and deforestation vary around the world, but overall global forest cover has declined. | true |
| The recovery of forests in Europe is likely due to | All of the choices are correct. |
| Benefits that an organic system creates though its function such as food, clean air or water, energy, and nutrient cycling are known as _______. | ecosystem services |
| Because trees cannot communicate their own interests, humans have to decide what is best for them, and that often includes expressing our own interests. | true |
| Which of the following ideas suggests that scarcity of trees through deforestation will lead to innovation and substitution of other resources so that trees can recover? | All of the choices are correct |
| All of the following are concerns regarding reforestation, EXCEPT: | Reforestation leads to more trees on the planet. |
| All of the following are examples of reconciliation ecology except: | monoculture timber plantation. |
| A way to maintain both human activities and ecosystem services is called: | Reconciliation ecology |
| A person with an anthropocentric viewpoint would strongly favor attributing legal rights to trees. | false |
| All of the following are potential problems with plantations, EXCEPT: | Plantations protect native plant species from extinction. |
| In the process of succession, which of the following shows the correct order of succession? | climax vegetation, disturbance, succession |
| In a ecocentric view regarding trees, whose interests should be protected? | trees |
| An event that permanently or temporarily alters the vegetation in an ecosystem is called a(n): | disturbance |
| Trees are used by people in all of the following ways, EXCEPT: | Humans use trees for all of these purposes, and many, many more! |
| Under capitalist production systems, farmers in areas of agricultural decline are least likely to | abandon their fields and look for other work. |
| Deforestation provides an example of the second contradiction of capitalism. | true |
| The forest transition theory says that innovation and substitution of other resources will lead to: | secondary succession |
| The area of rainforest coverage in Costa Rica is currently: | about half as much as it ever was. |
| Forest activism such as the Chipko and rubber trappers’ movements focus as much on the protection of livelihoods as the protection of trees themselves. | true |
| Purchasing items designated as “fair trade” helps to promote uneven development in the market. | false |
| Thanks to conservation and rewilding efforts, wolves have been successfully reintroduced to all of the areas of the Americas that they were previously eradicated from by the 1950s. | false |
| All of the following are problems with current policies regarding wolves, EXCEPT: | Rewilding has increased biodiversity and promoted better ecosystem functioning. |
| If a fungus wipes out a certain type of plant, this will have a cascading effect in the upper trophic levels that can ultimately reduce the numbers of apex predators. This is called what? | Bottomup trophic processes |
| The ecological role that an organism fills is known as a _______. | niche |
| Areas designated as wilderness are accessible equally by everyone. | false |
| The main reason that wolves were exterminated from much of their habitat is that wolves | threaten the livestock and ranching livelihood. |
| The National Environmental Policy Act of 1970 was a major turning point in natural resource management because it requires _______. | stakeholder participation |
| The rewilding movement relies upon the field of _______ to determine what is best for sustainability, and the field of _______ to determine how to make it happen. | deep ecology; conservation biology |
| Changes in one trophic level can create cascading effects that change other trophic levels. | true |
| ________ trophic levels are consumed by successively _______ trophic levels. | Lower; higher |
| The rewilding movement incorporates all of the following approaches, EXCEPT: | Anthropocentrism |
| The estimated average rate of species loss over the long term is known as what? | Background extinction rate |
| All of the following were steps to conserve wolves, EXCEPT: | Aerial wolf eradication program |
| What do we call organisms that are at the highest trophic level, meaning that they have no natural predators? | apex predators |
| Which type of thinking mainly asks the questions “what should be preserved, and why?” | Deep ecology |
| Once "Cinderella" was kicked out of the Druid wolf pack, her best option was to find a new pack. | false |
| The rewilding movement is based primarily on an ethics of _______. | ecocentrism |
| In the video watched in class,”Keeping Wolves Out of Harm’s Way”, which of the following was NOT given as a suggestion to protect wolves? | Electric fences |
| Which of the following is NOT a type of wolf extermination campaign waged in the U.S.? | Eradication to increase the numbers of bison for indigenous people. |
| All of the following are ways that humans have contributed to the extinction crises of many organisms, EXCEPT: | Native species introduction |
| All of the following statements about natural resource management are true, EXCEPT: | All stakeholders are given an equal voice in decisio nmaking that affects them. |
| By returning wolves to the wild, biologists might observe all of the following changes to the ecosystem EXCEPT what? | Fewer willow trees as elk numbers will decrease. |
| The current extinction crisis is primarily caused by natural factors. | false |
| The primary goal of natural resource management has always been to include stakeholders at all stages of decision making. | false |
| All of the following are examples of abiotic factors that can affect wolves, EXCEPT: | disease |
| The goal of rewilding programs is to promote biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. | true |
| All of the following are examples of biotic factors that can affect wolves, EXCEPT: | wildfires |
| Different types of apex predators may coexist in the same ecosystem. | true |
| Which carnivore moved in after wolves were exterminated from Yellowstone, but could not fill their ecological role? | coyote |
| What do scientists believe is the key to the reproductive success and survival of wolves? | their interactions with the pack |
Created by:
shae989