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REHS Terms
Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acute | Opposite of chronic |
| Attack Ratio | The value obtained by dividing one quantity by another: the male to female ratio in your class. A ratio often compares two rates (the 'rate ratio'), for example comparing death rates for women and men at a given age. |
| Attack Rate | The attack rate, or case rate, refers to the cumulative incidence of infection over a period of time. This is typically used during an epidemic. The time period may not be indicated, but would typically refer to the period of the outbreak |
| Carrier | an individual who harbors the specific organisms of a disease without manifest symptoms and is capable of transmitting the infection; the condition of such an individual is referred to as the carrier state. |
| Case Definition | In epidemiology, a clinical case definition,[1] a clinical definition, or simply a case definition[2] lists the clinical criteria by which public health professionals determine whether a person's illness is included as a case in an outbreak investigation |
| CDC | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
| Chronic | (of an illness) persisting for a long time or constantly recurring. |
| Communicable | (of a disease) able to be transmitted from one sufferer to another; contagious or infectious. |
| Emerging Infections | An emerging infectious disease (EID) is an infectious disease whose incidence has increased in the past 20 years and could increase in the near future. Emerging infections account for at least 12% of all human pathogens. |
| Endemic | (of a disease or condition) regularly found among particular people or in a certain area. |
| Epidemiological Triad | The triad consists of an external agent, a host and an environment in which host and agent are brought together, causing the disease to occur in the host. |
| Etiological Agent | Microorganisms and microbial toxins that cause disease in humans and include bacteria, bacterial toxins, viruses, fungi, rickettsiae, protozoans, and parasites. These disease-causing microorganisms may also. be referred to as infectious agents. |
| Fomite | objects or materials that are likely to carry infection, such as clothes, utensils, and furniture. |
| Generation Time | In population biology and demography, the generation time is the average time between two consecutive generations in the lineages of a population. In human populations, the generation typically ranges from 22 to 32 years |
| Host | an animal or plant on or in which a parasite or commensal organism lives. |
| Immunity (Active) | the immunity that results from the production of antibodies by the immune system in response to the presence of an antigen. |
| Immunity (Passive) | the short-term immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal. |
| Incidence | Incidence = Number of new cases in a fixed time period / Number of people at risk. |
| Incubation | Incubation period: In medicine, the time from the moment of exposure to an infectious agent until signs and symptoms of the disease appear. For example, the incubation period of chickenpox is 14-16 days. |
| Mean | the value obtained by dividing the sum of several quantities by their number; an average. |
| Median | To find the median, list the values of the data set in numerical order and identify which value appears in the middle of the list. |
| Mode | The mode is found by collecting and organizing the data in order to count the frequency of each result. |
| Morbidity | Morbidity is a term used to describe how often a disease occurs in a specific area or is a term used to describe a focus on death. An example of morbidity is the number of people who have cancer. An example of morbidity is a focus on death. |
| Mortality | The number of deaths per thousand population per year: in effect, the incidence of death in a population. It can refer to all causes of death, or can be a cause-specific mortality rate. |
| NIH | The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the principal federal agency for health research in the United States. The NIH is part of the Department of Health and Human Services. |
| Nosocomial Infections | Nosocomial infections are infections are acquired in hospitals and other healthcare facilities. To be classified as a nosocomial infection, the patient must have been admitted for reasons other than the infection. |
| Outbreak | the sudden or violent start of something unwelcome, such as war, disease, etc |
| Pathogen | a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease. |
| Pandemic | (of a disease) prevalent over a whole country or the world. |
| Prevalence | Prevalence = Number of people with the disease at a given time / Number of people at risk |
| Probability | A probability distribution is a table or an equation that links each outcome of a statistical experiment with its probability of occurrence. Consider a simple experiment in which we flip a coin two times. |
| Range | The difference between the lowest and highest values. In {4, 6, 9, 3, 7} the lowest value is 3, and the highest is 9, so the range is 9 − 3 = 6. Range can also mean all the output values of a function. |
| Reservoir | Any person, animal, plant, soil or substance in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies. The reservoir typically harbors the infectious agent without injury to itself and serves as a source from which other individuals can be infected. |
| Sporadic | Sporadic refers to a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly. |
| Standard Deviation | Standard deviation is a statistic used as a measure of the dispersion or variation in a distribution, equal to the square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of the deviations from the arithmetic mean |
| Statistics | the practice or science of collecting and analyzing numerical data in large quantities, especially for the purpose of inferring proportions in a whole from those in a representative sample. |
| Surveillance | Epidemiologic Surveillance. Defined as. • The ongoing, systematic collection, recording, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of data. • Reflects current health/disease status of a community or. |
| Variance | In probability theory and statistics, variance is the expectation of the squared deviation of a random variable from its mean, and it informally measures how far a set of (random) numbers are spread out from their mean. |
| Virulence | the degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of parasites as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. |
| World Health Organization | The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health. It was established on 7 April 1948, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. |
| ALARA | ALARA is an acronym for As Low As Reasonably Achievable. This is a radiation safety principle for minimizing radiation doses and releases of radioactive materials by employing all reasonable methods. |
| Alpha | Alpha - these are fast moving helium atoms. They have high energy, typically in the MeV range, but due to their large mass, they are stopped by just a few inches of air, or a piece of paper. |
| Beta | Beta - these are fast moving electrons. Since electrons are might lighter than helium atoms, they are able to penetrate further, through several feet of air, or several millimeters of plastic or less of very light metals. |
| Cosmic Radiation | radiation consisting of cosmic rays. |
| Electron | a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids. |
| Fission | a nuclear reaction in which a heavy nucleus splits spontaneously or on impact with another particle, with the release of energy. |
| Frequency | the rate at which a vibration occurs that constitutes a wave, either in a material (as in sound waves), or in an electromagnetic field (as in radio waves and light), usually measured per second. |
| Fusion | a nuclear reaction in which atomic nuclei of low atomic number fuse to form a heavier nucleus with the release of energy. |
| Gamma | these are photons, just like light, except of much higher energy, typically from several keV to several MeV. X-Rays and gamma rays are really the same thing. They can be stopped by a thin piece of Al foil, or they can penetrate several inches of lead. |
| Geiger-Muller Counter | a device for measuring radioactivity by detecting and counting ionizing particles. |
| Genetic Effect | The genetic effects (of radiation) are inheritable changes, chiefly mutations, produced by the absorption of ionizing radiation's. On the basis of present knowledge, these effects are additive and irreversible. |
| Ionizing Radiation | Ionizing radiation carries more than 10 eV, which is enough to ionize atoms and molecules, and break chemical bonds. This is an important distinction due to the large difference in harmfulness to living organisms. |
| Isotopes | atoms with the same number of protons, but differing numbers of neutrons. In other words, the have different atomic weights. Isotopes are different forms of a single element. |
| Nucleus | the positively charged central core of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons and containing nearly all its mass. a dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells containing the genetic material. |
| Neutron | a subatomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an electric charge, present in all atomic nuclei except those of ordinary hydrogen. |
| Nonionizing Radiation | too small to produce charged ions when passing through matter. For non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation the particles (photons) have only sufficient energy to change the rotational, vibrational or electronic valence configurations of atoms. |
| X-rays | an electromagnetic wave of high energy and very short wavelength, which is able to pass through many materials opaque to light. |
| Nuclear Regulatory Commission | The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is an independent agency of the United States government tasked with protecting public health and safety related to nuclear energy. |
| Proton | a stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron, but of opposite sign. |
| Radiation Absorbed Dose (rad) | The rad is a deprecated unit of absorbed radiation dose, defined as 1 rad = 0.01 Gy = 0.01 J/kg.[1] It was originally defined in CGS units in 1953 as the dose causing 100 ergs of energy to be absorbed by one gram of matter. |
| Radionuclides | A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is an atom that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable. This excess energy can either create and emit, from the nucleus, new radiation |
| Radon | Symbol Rn. radioactive element in the noble gas group. It is produced by the radioactive decay of radium and occurs in minute amounts in soil, rocks, and the air near the ground. |
| Roentgen | a unit of ionizing radiation, the amount producing one electrostatic unit of positive or negative ionic charge in one cubic centimeter of air under standard conditions. |
| Roentgen Equivalent Man (REM) | One of the two standard units used to measure the dose equivalent which combines the amount of energy (from any type of ionizing radiation that is deposited in human tissue), along with the medical effects of the given type of radiation. |
| Somatic Effect | Somatic effects are cell damages that pass on to succeeding cell generations. Radiation affects rates of cell division. Hastening and slowing down cell division affect embryonic tissues. |
| Wave Effect | ? |
| Wave Length | the distance between successive crests of a wave, especially points in a sound wave or electromagnetic wave. |
| Abatement | n. 1) the removal of a problem which is against public or private policy, or endangers others, including nuisances such as weeds that might catch fire on an otherwise empty |
| Civil Law | A body of rules that delineate private rights and remedies, and govern disputes between individuals in such areas as contracts, property, and Family Law; distinct from criminal or public law. |
| Condemnation | n. the legal process by which a governmental body exercises its right of "eminent domain" to acquire private property for public uses (highways, schools, redevelopment, etc.). |
| Criminal Law | A body of rules and statutes that defines conduct prohibited by the government because it threatens and harms public safety and welfare and that establishes punishment to be imposed for the commission of such acts. |
| Due Process | Constitutional guarantee that all legal proceedings will be fair and that one will be given notice of the proceedings and an opportunity to be heard before take away one's life, liberty, or property shall not be unreasonable, Arbitrary, or capricious. |
| Duty of Care | person act toward others and the public with watchfulness, attention, caution and prudence that a reasonable person in the circumstances would. If a person's actions do not meet this standard of care, then the acts are considered negligent |
| Embargo | The temporary or permanent Sequestration of the property of individuals for the purposes of a government, e.g., to obtain vessels for the transport of troops, the owners being reimbursed for this forced service. |
| Eminent Domain | The power to take private property for public use by a state, municipality, or private person or corporation authorized to exercise functions of public character, following the payment of just compensation to the owner of that property. |
| Felony | A serious crime, characterized under federal law and many state statutes as any offense punishable by death or imprisonment in excess of one year. |
| Freedom of Information | The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 5 U.S.C. § 552, is a federal freedom of information law that allows for the full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased information and documents controlled by the United States government. |
| Hearsay | A statement made out of court that is offered in court as evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted. |
| Informed Consent | Assent to permit an occurrence, such as surgery, that is based on a complete disclosure of facts needed to make the decision intelligently, such as knowledge of the risks entailed or alternatives. |
| License | The permission granted by competent authority to exercise a certain privilege that, without such authorization, would constitute an illegal act, |
| Variance | The discrepancy between what a party to a lawsuit alleges will be proved in pleadings and what the party actually proves at trial. |
| Writ of Mandamus | an extraordinary writ commanding an official to perform a ministerial act that the law recognizes as an absolute duty and not a matter for the official's discretion; used only when all other judicial remedies fail |
| Malfeasance | wrongdoing, especially by a public official |
| Misdemeanor | a nonindictable offense, regarded in the US (and formerly in the UK) as less serious than a felony. |
| Misfeasance | a transgression, especially the wrongful exercise of lawful authority. |
| Nonfeasance | failure to perform an act that is required by law. |
| Ordinance | a piece of legislation enacted by a municipal authority. |
| Public Nuisance | an act, condition, or thing that is illegal because it interferes with the rights of the public generally. An obnoxious or dangerous person or group of people. |
| Regulation | a rule or directive made and maintained by an authority. |
| Right of Entry | one's right to take or resume possession of land, or the right of a person to go onto another's real property without committing trespass. |
| Seizure Order | Forcible possession; a grasping, snatching, or putting in possession. In Criminal Law, a seizure is the forcible taking of property by a government law enforcement official from a person who is suspected of violating, or is known to have violated, the law |
| Severability | In law, severability (sometimes known as salvatorius, from Latin) refers to a provision in a contract which states that if parts of the contract are held to be illegal or otherwise unenforceable, the remainder of the contract should still apply. |
| Statute | An act of a legislature that declares, proscribes, or commands something; a specific law, expressed in writing. |
| Tort Law | A tort, in common law jurisdictions, is a civil wrong that unfairly causes someone else to suffer loss or harm resulting in legal liability for the person who commits the tortious act, called a tortfeasor. |
| Alkalinity | The alkalinity of water is a measure of how much acid it can neutralize. If any changes are made to the water that could raise or lower the pH value, alkalinity acts as a buffer, protecting the water and its life forms from sudden shifts in pH. |
| Breakpoint Chlorination | where demand for chlorine has been satisfied in terms of chlorine addition to water. When chlorine is added to water, a reaction is produced in the compounds present in the water. These compounds utilize the chlorine, resulting in zero chlorine residual. |
| Brine Systems | |
| Chlorine | used in potable water treatment plants to eliminate bacteria. Hypochlorous acid is a weak acid with the chemical formula HClO. chlorine dissolves in water and partially dissociates in water, into hypochlorite and hydronium ions. |
| Combined Chlorine | residual chlorine existing in water in chemical combination with ammonia or organic amines which can be found in natural or polluted waters. Ammonia is sometimes deliberately added to chlorinated public water supplies to provide inorganic chloramines. |
| Free chlorine | Free chlorine refers to both hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and the hypochlorite (OCl–) ion or bleach, and is commonly added to water systems for disinfection. When ammonia or organic nitrogen is also present, chloramines. |
| Total Chlorine | residual chlorine existing in water in chemical combination with ammonia or organic amines which can be found in natural or polluted waters. Ammonia is sometimes deliberately added to chlorinated public water supplies to provide inorganic chloramines. |
| Chloramines | an organic compound containing a chlorine atom bonded to nitrogen, especially any of a group of sulfonamide derivatives used as antiseptics and disinfectants. |
| Circulation Systems | |
| Clarity | Water clarity is a measure of how clear water is. To be more specific, water clarity is a measure of how far down light penetrates through water. The deeper light penetrates, the clearer the water. |
| Cyanuric Acid in Recreational Waters | Cyanuric acid is used as a chlorine stabilizer in swimming pools. It binds to free chlorine and releases it slowly, extending the time needed to deplete each dose of sanitizer. |
| Bromine in Recreational Waters | A generic term used to describe any chemical that releases hypobromous acid when dissolved in water as a disinfectant. |
| Chlorine in Recreational Waters | A heavy, green, highly poisonous gas compressed in liquid form and used a a swimming pool disinfectant |
| Iodine in Recreational Waters | |
| Ozone in Recreational Waters | |
| UV Light in Recreational Waters | |
| Water Filters | |
| Sand Water Filter | |
| Cartridge Water Filter | |
| Diatomaceous Earth Water Filter | |
| Filtration Systems | |
| Flow Rate | |
| Hardness | |
| Langelier Saturation Index | |
| NTU | |
| Pumps | |
| Skimmers | |
| Stabilized Chlorine | |
| Turnover Rate | |
| Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) or Muriatic Acid | A strong acid used to reduce pH and total alkalinity and to clean scale or "acid wash" surfaces. Also generated in the reaction of chlorine gas and water. |
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zharg002