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env exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. _______ is the philosophical view that humans are separate from and superior to nature. | The dominion thesis |
| 1. The _______ view of nature argues that any part of nature that is unused has no value and is therefore wasted. | utilitarian |
| 1. Which field of thought would say that until humans are treated equally, environmental ethics are irrelevant? | Social ecologists |
| 1. Disagreements among environmental ethicists may be reconciled through appeals to _______. | pragmatism |
| 1. Which of the following is NOT true about the animal liberation movement? | The focus of this movement is entirely on domesticated animals, not wild animals. |
| 1. Utilitarians believe that nature has an intrinsic value apart from human use. | False |
| 1. The philosophy of right and wrong is known as: | ethics |
| 1. Deep ecology has a(n) _______ point of view. | ecocentric |
| 1. The responsibility to care for and protect the environment is known as: | stewardship |
| 1. Which of the following is NOT true about the land ethic? | Suggests that humans should not exploit nature and that it should be left alone. |
| 1. Social ecology argues that environmental problems are caused by _______. | inequality among humans |
| Use of the environment is not right or wrong--it depends on how it is used. | land ethic |
| This thinking is an example of moral extensionism. | land ethic |
| Nature should be left alone as much as possible. | preservation |
| Aldo Leopold was a huge supporter for this line of thinking. | land ethic |
| Natural resources should be used, but sustainably and efficiently. | conservation |
| John Muir was a huge advocate for this line of thinking. | land ethic |
| Humans should not exploit nature. | preservation |
| Gifford Pinchot was a huge advocate for this line of thinking. | land ethic |
| 1. Western ethics tends to be anthropocentric. | true |
| 1. John Muir argued for the preservation of the Hetch Hetchy Valley wilderness. | true |
| 1. Preservationism and conservationism are the same thing. | false |
| 1. Which of the following views does NOT describe beliefs about nature in Western Philosophy? | Humans should leave nature alone as much as possible. |
| 1. The statement that, “Just because an ecosystem functions in a certain way doesn’t mean it should” is an example of which critique of environmental ethics? | |
| 1. Which of the following is NOT a critique of environmental ethics? | Pragmatism |
| 1. _______ is likely to support hunting as long as the animals are harvested sustainably. | |
| 1. The argument that every sentient being deserves to have their suffering minimized or eliminated can be attributed to _______. | animal liberation |
| 1. Which of the following is TRUE regarding the ultimate outcome for the Hetch Hetchy debate? | |
| 1. Which type of ecology focuses more on specific environmental issues? | shallow ecology |
| 1. Which of the following is NOT true about ecology? | This science is anthropocentric. |
| Gilbert F. White would suggest which of the following methods to control flooding on the Mississippi River? | White would recommend a combination of all of the choices given in this question, since there is no way to eliminate risk by implementing just one of the options given. |
| The more we advance technologically, the more uncertainties we face. | true |
| The _____ is the danger, ______ is the probability that the danger will occur, and ______ is the degree to which we do not know whether that danger will occur. | hazard, risk, uncertainty |
| Gilbert F. White argued that engineering technologies such as levees were the solution to flooding problems. | false |
| Match the following biases with whether the statement would most likely lead to underestimation or overestimation of risk. | You can see evidence that your sexual partner has an STD infection. How might this influence your perception of the risk of catching an STD? Underestimated risk |
| Match the following biases with whether the statement would most likely lead to underestimation or overestimation of risk. | You learn that asbestos as been found at your workplace. You need this job and can’t quit right now. How would your knowledge of this influence your perception of the risk for going to work? overestimate risk |
| Match the following biases with whether the statement would most likely lead to underestimation or overestimation of risk. | One might think most car crashes are the result of poor drivers. Because you know you are an excellent driver, how would this influence your perception of risk in choosing to drive a car? underestimated risk |
| Match the following biases with whether the statement would most likely lead to underestimation or overestimation of risk. | You know of several, well publicized air plane crashes where no one walked away alive. How does this influence your perception of risk for airplane travel? overestimated risk |
| Match the following biases with whether the statement would most likely lead to underestimation or overestimation of risk. | People that smoke only get cancer or other diseases when they are much older it seems. How would this thinking affect your perception of risk for choosing to smoke? underestimated risk |
| Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding humans and hazards? | Hazards only exist where humans do not have some vested interest. |
| Cultural theory argues that perception of risk is based on how we interact with others, rather than universal human traits or individual biases. | true |
| Risk assessments are conducted for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT: | To find the source of the problem. |
| Which of the following is NOT a source of uncertainty? | Systems basically function the same everywhere. |
| In cultural theory, egalitarians are likely to use _______ as a risk approach. | |
| Which of the following statements is NOT true of cultural theory? | People always fit into only one of the four categories based on their personal views. |
| Natural hazards are those in which there is no human presence or impact. | false |
| In cultural theory, fatalists are likely to use _______ as a risk approach. | adaptation to changes |
| Under cultural theory, which group would view nature as being resilient? | Individualists |
| Under cultural theory, which group would view nature as being fragile? | Egalitarians |
| Which of the following risk perception biases is likely to lead to an underestimation of risk? | voluntary |
| Douglas and other cultural theorists suggest that our sense of hazards, risk, and uncertainty is | learned through socialization and culture. |
| Environmental justice movements attempt to correct systemic inequalities that | all of the choices given are correct/true. |
| Which of the following factors does NOT influence risk perception? | not taking consequences into consideration |
| A culture that espouses the precautionary principle is likely to: | prefer to avoid certain activities until it is clear that they are safe. |
| The degree to which the outcomes of a situation are unknown is called | uncertainty |
| Risk is defined as | the estimated likelihood that a decision or action will have a negative consequence. |
| _______ describes how capitalism undermines itself by undermining the environmental conditions necessary for its own perpetuation. | The second contradiction of capitalism |
| _______ are the raw materials needed to produce things, such as wood, iron, and oil. | |
| Which of the following is NOT a problem with the political economy perspective? | None of the other choices: These are all problems with the political economy perspective. |
| When Marx writes about “accumulation”, what is he referring to? | Accumulation of capital |
| According to Marx, when does a “contradiction” occur? | When capital becomes over-concentrated. |
| Marx would agree with which of the following statements about modern capitalism and environmental problems? | Environmental problems are already built into the economy that causes them. |
| Many historians and economists view the Enclosure Laws in England in the 1780s and 1820s as a significant step toward modern capitalism. | True |
| Which of the following is NOT true regarding commodities? | |
| The Enclosure Laws were an example of _______. | primitive accumulation |
| Which of the following is NOT a method for capitalists to maintain accumulation of wealth? | Invoke pay increases for laborers. |
| Moving a factory from Mexico to Vietnam is an example of the spatial fix. | True |
| Which of the following would NOT be a response to underconsumption? | Federal regulations to encourage saving. |
| Which current policy promotes the global trade of pollution? | Cap and Trade |
| Development is always uneven. | true |
| Environmental justice is primarily concerned with the uneven distribution of environmental “bads.” | true |
| Why do we export millions of tons of hazardous waste to poorer countries each year? | all answers are true |
| Hazardous materials are placed in minority and low-income neighborhoods because these groups often have less power to protest. | true |
| According to Marx, problems such as overaccumulation, overproduction, and underconsumption are anomalies in capitalism and suggest that the system is not functioning properly. | false |
| Prior to capitalism, goods were sold at their exchange rate. | true |
| The enclosure and privatization of previously communal resources is known as: | Primitive accumulation |
| When people speak of the”Top 1%”, they are referring to a term in economics known as: | Overaccumulation |
| The _______ perspective is mostly concerned with identifying how power relationships and economic systems produce environmental and social conditions. | |
| Marx’s concepts of all of the following things, EXCEPT what, explain how the economy produces environmental problems. | nature |
| Raw materials, used to produce commodities, are called what? | conditions of a product |
| Which of the following statements (in the memo written by Lawrence Summers) was NOT used to justify the export of polluting industries to poorer countries? | Poor countries have more land to redistribute the pollution. |
| According to social reproduction, unhealthy workers are more productive workers. | false |
| Overaccumulation leads to what two things? | overproduction and underconsupmtion |
| Purchasing products that are related to nature does what NEGATIVE thing to nature? | Commodifies nature |
| Most environmental activists are men. | False |
| In order to create _______ in a capitalist economy, workers and the environment must be undervalued. | surplus value |
| Before the “New World” was discovered by Christopher Columbus, the land was pristine and undeveloped. | false |
| All of the following are examples of signifying practices, EXCEPT: | desertification |
| Europeans described the New World as pristine because: | they wanted to justify colonial expansion into the territory. |
| The term that describes spoken and written language that not only represents the world, but may materially change it, is called: | discourse |
| A(n) _______ is a belief about how the world is and how it ought to be. | ideology |
| Human perceptions about nature have varied very little over time. | False |
| The theory of co-production argues that all beliefs, truths, and facts are socially constructed in a particular social context. | False |
| The social relations that generated the concept of race are very real, but there is no scientific basis to prove the existence of different races of people. | True |
| Social constructivists question all of the following regarding science in constructivism, EXCEPT: | Whether science is socially constructed. |
| Michel Foucault’s point is the goals of power and the goals of knowledge cannot be separated: in knowing we control and in controlling we know. | True |
| Nature is socially constructed. | true |
| A social constructivist examines how beliefs, values, and practices shape how people understand the world. | true |
| The theory that any category, condition, or thing is understood to have certain characteristics because people agree that it does is called: | Social construction |
| A discourse includes all of the following, EXCEPT: | context |
| The most important part of constructivism is proving that a concept is false. | false |
| _______ is a concept that is used to explore how knowledge is created and sustained in a field of social relations of power. | Power/knowledge |
| Which of the following questions could we ask ourselves to determine if something is socially constructed? | All of these questions can be asked. |
| The theory that all beliefs, truths, and facts are socially constructed in a particular social context is called: | relativism |
| A relativist would most likely argue that _______. | All beliefs, truths, and facts are constructed in a particular social context |
| The theory of _______ argues that humans and non-humans produce and change one another through interactions with each other. | co-production |
| Discourse is spoken and written language and therefore cannot alter the material world. | false |
| The problem with __________ is that there are things and systems that operate independently of human behavior, no matter what knowledge we construct of them. | relativism |
| A story with a beginning and an end is called a(n): | narrative |
| Which of the following is NOT true regarding wilderness discourse? | Focuses on valuable natural areas or conditions. |
| Which of the following is NOT a meaning for “nature”? | Nature is society |
| Social constructionists attempt to do all of the following, EXCEPT: | Enforce existing environmental discourses as a mode of power. |
| The pristine myth of the New World and North African desertification are examples of _______ that benefited Europeans in their colonial expansion. | discourses |
| In the concept of power/knowledge, marginalized entities can use power to challenge dominant discourses. | true |
| The concept of power/knowledge is used to remind us there are relations of power embedded in all knowledge and what? | discourse |
Created by:
shae989